Intro to Cells
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111 Terms
What type of fluid surrounds the cell?
Extracellular fluid
What term is synonymous to extracellular fluid?
Interstitial fluid
3 multiple choice options
What is cytosol?
Intracellular fluid that surrounds organelles
3 multiple choice options
What separates cytosol from cytoplasm?
The plasma membrane
What is cytoplasm?
The intracellular fluid and the organelles it contains
3 multiple choice options
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
1. Physical isolation
2. Regulation of exchange with the environment
3. Monitoring the environment
4. Structural support
3 multiple choice options
How does the plasma membrane regulate exchange with the environment?
It allows certain things to enter and leave the cell
3 multiple choice options
What is the cytoskeleton and its function?
Structural proteins that provide shape and strength
3 multiple choice options
What are the components of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
3 multiple choice options
Where are microfilaments composed of?
Actin
3 multiple choice options
What are intermediate filaments composed of?
Collagen
3 multiple choice options
What are microtubules composed of?
Tubulin
3 multiple choice options
What are the functions of microfilaments?
Provide addition mechanical strength
3 multiple choice options
What are the functions of intermediate filaments?
Hold organelles in place, strengthen the cell, and maintain shape
3 multiple choice options
What are the functions of microtubules?
Strengthen the cell, anchor organelles, move vesicles, and change shape
3 multiple choice options
What types of cells structures are made of microtubules?
Centrioles, cilia, and flagella
3 multiple choice options
Damage to microtubules can lead to what neurological disorders?
Demential or Alzheimer's
3 multiple choice options
What are the functions of microvilli?
They increase surface area for absorption to absorb nutrients
3 multiple choice options
What protein does microvilli contain?
Actin
Centrioles are bundles of what type of cytoskeleton?
Microtubules
3 multiple choice options
Where are microvilli found in the body?
The small intestine
3 multiple choice options
Where are centrioles formed from and when?
The spindle apparatus during cell division
3 multiple choice options
What are cilia?
Small hairlike extensions that beat rhythmically
3 multiple choice options
What are cilia formed from?
Microtubules
What are the functions of cilia?
They move fluids across the cell membrane and are important in the trachea at removing debris and pathogens
3 multiple choice options
What destroys cilia in the trachea?
Smoking
3 multiple choice options
What are flagellum?
They are tail-like projections that protrude from the cell
3 multiple choice options
Where in the body are flagellum only found in?
The sperm
3 multiple choice options
What are the functions of ribosomes?
They build polypeptides
3 multiple choice options
What are the two types of ribosomes?
Free and fixed ribosomes
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Where are free ribosomes found in the cell?
The cytoplasm
3 multiple choice options
What are the functions of proteosomes?
The destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins
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Where are proteins found in?
The cytosol and nucleus
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What do proteasomes contain?
Proteases (a type of enzynme)
3 multiple choice options
What is the function of smooth endolasmic reticulum?
It is involved in the production of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification of drugs
3 multiple choice options
What part of the body is abundant in smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
The liver
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What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
To produce proteins and deal with glycoprotein synthesis
3 multiple choice options
What type of endoplasmic is covered in ribosomes?
Only the rough endoplasmic reticulum
3 multiple choice options
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
Packaging macromolecules into vesicles to make way to a target destination
3 multiple choice options
What are vesicles?
Bags that contain stuff such as hormones and wastes
3 multiple choice options
What are the types of vesicles?
1. Secretory vesicles
2. Membrane renewal vesicles
3. Lysosomes
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What is the function of secretory vesicles?
To modify and package products for exocytosis
3 multiple choice options
What is the function of membrane renewal vesicles?
Add or remove membrane components
3 multiple choice options
What are lysosomes?
Powerful enzyme containing vessels
3 multiple choice options
What is the function of lysosomes?
Clean up the inside of cells by breaking down molecules, attacking bacteria, recycling damaged organelles, and ejecting waste through exocytosis
3 multiple choice options
What is autolysis?
The unintentional death of cells in unhealthy tissues via lysosomes
3 multiple choice options
What is apoptosis?
Programmed, intentional cell death involving an ordered sequence of events in healthy tissues
3 multiple choice options
What type of cell destruction occurs only in response to injury or infection?
Autolysis
3 multiple choice options
What type of cell destruction occurs only in all tissues?
Apoptosis
3 multiple choice options
What is the function of peroxisomes?
They use oxygen to catalytically detoxify and break down fatty acids and toxic substances (alcohol)
3 multiple choice options
What part of the body is abundant in peroxisomes?
The liver
3 multiple choice options
Why are peroxisomes important?
Breaking down fatty acids is crucial and the absence of them cause the death of the myelin sheath
3 multiple choice options
"Life, the universe, and everything in biology is _____"
ATP
3 multiple choice options
What is the function of mitochondria?
Aerobic respiration
3 multiple choice options
What do mitochondrion produce?
ATP
3 multiple choice options
What is glycolysis and were does it occur?
It is the conversion from glucose to pyruvic acid and occurs in the cytosol
3 multiple choice options
T/F: Glycolysis required oxygen.
False; it is anaerobic
1 multiple choice option
Where in does the Krebs cycle occur in the cell and what is produced
The mitochondrial matrix and produces carbon dioxide
3 multiple choice options
Where does the electron transport chain occur in the cell?
The inner mitochondrial membrane
3 multiple choice options
If there is no oxygen available, pyruvate will turn into...
Lactic acid
3 multiple choice options
What is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?
To remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes
3 multiple choice options
T/F: The electron transport chain is aerobic and requires oxygen.
True
What is the nucleus?
The cell's control center
3 multiple choice options
What are nuclear pores?
Communication passages in the nucleus
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What is nucleoplasm?
Fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides, and some RNA
3 multiple choice options
What is the function of the nucleolus and where is it located?
The location within the nucleus that produces ribosomes for protein synthesis
3 multiple choice options
What organelle is equivalent to the death star in star wars?
The nucleolus
3 multiple choice options
What determines cell structure and formation?
Proteins
3 multiple choice options
What are the three steps in protein synthesis?
1. Transcription
2. Translation
3. Processing
3 multiple choice options
Where does transcription occur?
The nucleus
3 multiple choice options
Where does translation occur?
The cytoplasm
Where does processing occur?
The rough endoplasmic reticulum anbd golgi apparatus
3 multiple choice options
What happens in transcription?
mRNA copies DNA in the nucleus
3 multiple choice options
What happens in translation?
Ribosomes read the mRNA cold in the cytoplasm and assembles the popypeptide chain
3 multiple choice options
What happens in processing?
The proteins are produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus
3 multiple choice options
T/F: The plasma membrane is selectively permeable.
True
1 multiple choice option
What type of permeability describes when nothing is let in or out the cell?
Impermeable
3 multiple choice options
What type of permeability describes when anything is let in or out the cell?
Freely permeable
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What type of permeability describes when some things are let in or out the cell?
Selectively permeable
3 multiple choice options
What are the factors of membrane permeablity?
1. Shape
2. Size
3. Charge (electrical forces)
4. Temperature
5. Distance
6. Lipid solubility
3 multiple choice options
Diffusion is the movement of solutes from a _____ to _____ concentration:
High to low
3 multiple choice options
Diffusion is the movement of water from a _____ to _____ concentration:
Low to high
3 multiple choice options
What are the two types of passive membrane transport?
Diffusion and osmosis
3 multiple choice options
What are the two types of diffusion?
Simple and facilitated diffusion
3 multiple choice options
What type of passive transport requires a protein protein?
Facilitated diffusion
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What type of passive transport transports small, nonpolar molecules?
Simple diffusion
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What type of passive transport transports ions or polar molecules?
Facilitated diffusion
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What are the two types of facilitated diffusion?
Carried mediated and channel mediated
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What are the two types of active membrane transport?
Active transport and vesicular transport
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What are the two types of active transport?
Primary and secondary transport
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What are the types of secondary active transport?
Symport and antiport
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What does vesicular transport invovle?
Vesicles
What are the three types of endocytosis?
1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Receptor-mediated
3 multiple choice options
What molecules are passed through simple diffusion?
Hydrophobic molecules (lipid soluble) and all gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, and ethanol)
3 multiple choice options
What molecules pass through facilitated diffusion?
Hydrophilic molecules , all ions (K+, Na+, Cl-), amino acids, and glucose
3 multiple choice options
T/F: Substances are limited by the number of channels/transports in facilitated diffusion.
True
1 multiple choice option
What side of the plasma membrane is Na+ found in?
Outside the plasma membrane
3 multiple choice options
Where is What side of the plasma membrane is K+ found in?
Inside the plasma membrane
3 multiple choice options
Osmolarity is...
The measure of total concentration of solute particles in a solution
3 multiple choice options
Tonicity is...
The ability of a solution to cause a cell to shrink or swell
3 multiple choice options
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