Performance Enhancing Substances and Methods

Flashcards about performance enhancing substances

What is an Ergogenic Aid?

Any substance, mechanical aid, or training method that improves sport performance.

What does the term Ergogenic Aid refer to specifically in this chapter?

Pharmacologic aids.

What should be an athlete’s first priority before using any nutritional supplement or ergogenic aid?

Apply sound principles of training, including adequate nutrition.

What is considered a dietary supplement?

A product other than tobacco intended to supplement the diet.

What is a requirement regarding dietary supplements and ingestion?

It must be intended for ingestion.

What is a restriction of dietary supplements regarding advertisement?

It cannot be advertised for use as a conventional food or as the sole item within a meal or diet.

What might a dietary supplement contain?

A vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other botanical, an amino acid, a dietary substance, or a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or combination of any of the above ingredients.

What is the distinction between a drug and a dietary supplement linked to?

FDA approval for safety and effectiveness.

What are Anabolic Steroids?

The synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone, testosterone.

What do elevations in testosterone concentrations stimulate?

Improvements in muscle size, body mass, and strength.

How do athletes typically use anabolic steroids?

A “stacking” regimen, in which they administer several different drugs simultaneously.

What happens when one anabolic agent is consumed simultaneously with another anabolic agent?

The potency of one anabolic agent may be enhanced.

How long do most users use anabolic steroids for?

Several weeks or months with periods of discontinued use.

How do athletes often administer anabolic steroids?

A pyramid (step-up) pattern in which dosages are steadily increased over several weeks.

Why does the athlete step down toward the end of the cycle?

To reduce the likelihood of negative side effects.

Who has been reported to use anabolic steroids?

Olympic, professional, collegiate, and high school athletes.

Why do many users that are not involved in sports use steroids?

To improve appearance, muscle mass, and strength.

What is likely responsible for increases in lean body mass with steroid use?

Increases in muscle protein synthesis.

What ergogenic benefits are commonly attributed to anabolic steroid use?

Increased muscle mass, strength, and athletic performance.

What psychological effects are associated with anabolic steroid use?

Changes in aggression, arousal, and irritability.

What happens to many side effects linked to anabolic steroid abuse?

Many of the side effects linked to abuse are reversible upon cessation.

Athletes may be at a higher risk for what with prohormone use?

Experiencing adverse side effects similar to those associated with anabolic steroid use.

When injected into men, what can HCG do?

Increase testicular testosterone production.

Who is HCG useful for?

Males who take anabolic steroids.

What happens to endogenous testosterone production at the end of a steroid cycle?

Endogenous testosterone production is suppressed at the end of a steroid cycle.

If HCG is used by athletes, who likely uses it?

Those who are finishing a cycle of anabolic steroids and are looking to activate their own endogenous testosterone production.

What are side effects of HCG injections?

Pain, swelling, and tenderness around the injection site.

What does insulin facilitate?

The uptake of glucose and amino acids into the cells.

What do reports suggest regarding carbohydrate ingestion and insulin?

Postworkout carbohydrate ingestion supresses muscle protein breakdown via the anti- catabolic effects of insulin.

What could happen if protein breakdown is suppressed over several weeks to months?

Gains in lean muscle mass could be realized.

What are adverse effects when insulin is injected?

Immediate death, coma, and possible development of insulin-dependent diabetes.

What is the efficacy of Human Growth Hormone?

Stimulates bone and skeletal muscle growth along with the release of fatty acids from fat cells.

What does research with healthy elderly persons show?

Improvements in lean body tissue with decreases in body fat.

What does excess HGH after puberty cause?

Acromegaly (a disfiguring disease characterized by a widening of the bones, arthritis, organ enlargement, and metabolic abnormalities).

What health risks are associated with injections of EPO?

Increased risk of blood clotting, elevations in systolic blood pressure, a compromised thermoregulatory system, and dehydration during aerobic endurance events.

What do Beta-adrenergic Agonists do?

Relax muscles in the airway and increase lean mass and decrease stored fat.

What do Beta-blockers do?

Reduce anxiety and tremors during performance.

What can EAA do?

Augment muscle protein synthesis in healthy human subjects.

What is the branched-chain amino acid leucine a key regulator in?

Stimulating muscle protein synthesis.

Claims often attributed to what supplementation?

Elevation in nitric oxide levels, increase in muscle blood flow, improvement in exercise performance

Believed to be what effects regarding HMB?

HMB has both anabolic and lipolytic effects

What are effects of creatine supplementation?

Maximize increase in strength, power and lean muscle mass

What do studies show regarding creatine supplementation?

Studies consistently show significant ergogenic benefits.

Creatine supplementation has been shown to increase what?

Increase maximal strength, power, and lean body mass in both trained and untrained populations

What Body mass changes occur with creatine?

Increases in body weight, especially increases in fat-free mass.

What is the efficacy of Caffeine?

Increases time to exhaustion

What is the efficacy Ephedrine ?

Effective only when it is taken in combination with caffeine and improves aerobic endurance performance

Citrus Aurantium contribute to what?

Appetite suppression, increased metabolic rate, and lipolysis

The majority of nutritional supplements regarding benefit to athletic performance?

Have been shown to offer little benefit to athletic performance