A&p Book Notes

Atom

The smallest particle that exhibits chemical properties of an element.

Proton

A subatomic particle with a positive charge found in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutron

A subatomic particle that is uncharged or neutral, located in the nucleus of an atom.

Electron

A subatomic particle with a negative charge, located in orbitals around the nucleus.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons.

Cation

An ion with a positive charge formed by the loss of one or more electrons.

Anion

An ion with a negative charge formed by the gain of one or more electrons.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges.

Covalent Bond

A type of bond formed when atoms share electrons to achieve chemical stability.

Hydrophobic Interaction

The interaction that occurs when nonpolar molecules are placed in a polar solvent.

Hydrogen Bond

A weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom in polar molecules.

pH Scale

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, ranging from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic).

Buffer

A substance that helps maintain pH levels in a solution by accepting or donating hydrogen ions.

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that retain their individual properties and can be separated by physical means.

Colloid

A mixture where small particles are dispersed within a liquid but do not settle out.

Suspension

A mixture composed of large particles that can settle out when not in motion.

Solvent

A substance, typically a liquid, that dissolves a solute to form a solution.

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound.

Polymers

Large molecules formed by the repeated linking of smaller units called monomers.

Hydrophilic

Substances that interact favorably with water.

Hydrophobic

Substances that do not interact well with water.

Electronegativity

A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

Dehydration Synthesis

A chemical reaction that combines smaller molecules by removing water.

Hydrolysis

A reaction that breaks down large molecules by adding water.

Nucleotide

The building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

Glycolipid

A lipid with a carbohydrate attached, typically found in cell membranes.

What is an atom?

The smallest particle that exhibits chemical properties of an element.

What charge does a proton carry?

A positive charge.

Where are neutrons located?

In the nucleus of an atom.

What is the charge of an electron?

A negative charge.

What defines an isotope?

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

What is a cation?

An ion with a positive charge formed by the loss of electrons.

What is an anion?

An ion with a negative charge formed by the gain of electrons.

What type of bond is an ionic bond?

A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges.

How does a covalent bond form?

When atoms share electrons to achieve chemical stability.

What is the main feature of a hydrophilic substance?

It interacts favorably with water.

________ is a large molecule formed by the repeated linking of smaller units called monomers.

Polymers

The ________ of an atom is a measure of its tendency to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

Electronegativity

A ________ is a substance that helps maintain pH levels in a solution by accepting or donating hydrogen ions.

Buffer

A ________ is a mixture composed of large particles that can settle out when not in motion.

Suspension

The interaction that occurs when nonpolar molecules are placed in a polar solvent is called ________.

Hydrophobic Interaction

________ is the process that combines smaller molecules by removing water.

Dehydration Synthesis

________ are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Isotopes

In a chemical reaction, water is added to break down large molecules in a process known as ________.

Hydrolysis

A ________ is typically a liquid that dissolves a solute to form a solution.

Solvent

________ refers to substances that do not interact well with water.

Hydrophobic