Criminology Exam 3

Shaw and McKay

Social structure - social disorganization

High rates of neighborhood crime is due to weakened norms, social bonds, and conventional social institutions

Stark

Social structure - deviant process

High rates of neighborhood crimes are due to high rates of density poverty, coexistence of residential and commercial property, etc.

Merton

Social structure - anomie

Crime comes from the failure to achieve the cultural goal of economic success through the institutional means of working

Agnew

Social structure - general strain

Negative emotions and thus delinquency result from the failure to achieve desired goals, removal of positive stimuli, and from introducing negative stimuli

Cohen

Social structure - status frustration

Delinquency comes from the failure of lower-class boys to do well in school because it values the middle class

Miller

Social structure - focal concerns

Delinquency comes from several lower-class focal concerns such as trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, and autonomy

Cloward and Ohlin

Social structure - differential opportunity

Whether one responds to their lack of access to legitimate means with criminal behavior is dependent on their access to illegitimate means

Wolfgang and Ferracuti

Social structure - subculture of violence

High rates of urban violence results from a subculture of violence that favors violent responses to insults and other interpersonal conflicts

Anderson

Social structure - learning theory; code of the street

Variation of subculture-of-violence approach that adds emphasis to the use and threat of violence to maintain respect; need for respect results from despair and alienation in which the urban poor live

Sutherland

Social process - learning theory; differential association

Criminal behavior is learned within intimate personal groups; excess definitions favorable to the violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violating the law

Glaser

Social process - learning theory; differential identification

People pursue criminal behavior to the extent that they identify with members of reference groups who engage in criminal behavior; models, mock

Bandura

Social process - learning theory; social learning

Aggressive tendencies are learned through a process of rewards for said tendencies and imitation of them

Burgess and Akers

Social process - learning theory; differential reinforcement

Criminal behavior and attitudes are more likely learned if they are rewarded by friends and or family members

Reckless

Social process - control theories; containment

Inner containments like frustration tolerance and a positive self-concept and out containments like family influences help prevent juvenile defending

Sykes and Matza

Social process - control theories; neutralization and drift

Rationalization of actions to minimize guilt; denying responsibility, denying injury, denial of victim, etc.

Hirschi

Social process - social bonding

Delinquency and crime is common among individuals with weakened social bonds

Gottfredson and Hirschi

Social process - control theories; self-control

Criminal behavior results from low-self control which in turn results from bad parenting

Tittle

Social process - control theories; control balance

People are more likely to engage in deviance when they are either extremely controlling or very controlled

Calvin and Cullen

Social process - control theories; differential social support and coercion

Coercion at either the micro or macro level promotes criminal behavior while social support at either level reduces it

Elliot

Social process - life-course theories; integrated strain control

Weak social bonds, strain, and delinquent peers contribute to delinquency

Thornberry

Social process - control theories; interactional

Weak social bonds and delinquent peers contribute to delinquency

Moffit

Social process - control theories; life-course

Some individuals antisocial behavior is serious, persists through life course, and begins during childhood because of neuropsychological and other problems

Sampson and Laub

Social process - control theories; age-graded

Weak social bonds inadequate parenting, and delinquent peers contribute to criminality but turning points in lie course often lead to desistance from crime