Test 2 Theories/clinical, phonological processes, phonological ws, phonological ages

Distinctive feature (primary concepts)

A characteristic that defines a phoneme's sound and distinguishes it from other phonemes in a language. These features can include aspects such as voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation.

Generative phonology (primary concepts)

A theoretical framework in linguistics that emphasizes the role of underlying forms and rules in the phonological system of a language. It focuses on how phonological representations are generated from abstract underlying forms through a set of rules.

natural phonology (primary concepts)

A theory that posits that phonological processes are innate and that children naturally simplify complex sounds as they acquire language. This approach emphasizes the idea that children use predictable patterns to develop their phonological system.

nonlinear/multilinear (primary concepts)

A framework in phonology that explores the hierarchical structure of phonological representations and the relationships between different levels of the phonological system. It contrasts with traditional linear models by acknowledging the complexity of sound patterns and interactions.

distinctive feature (clinical implications)

Helps identify specific features affected in speech disorders; guides targeted therapy

generative phonology (clinical implications)

Emphasizes understanding underlying rules to modify speech patterns; useful for phonological disorders.

natural phonology (clinical implications)

Focuses on natural developmental processes; therapy can facilitate suppression or correction of processes.

nonlinear/multilinear (clinical implications)

Focuses on the complex interactions of phonological elements; aids in understanding speech sound disorders and their treatment.

Distinctive feature clinically used

Clinical Use: Identify specific phonetic features that a child has difficulty with, such as voicing, nasality, or place of articulation.

Example: If a child substitutes /p/ for /b/, the clinician can focus on the voicing feature and target that specific feature (voiced vs. voiceless) during therapy.

Generative phonology clinically used

Clinical Use: Analyze underlying phonological rules that a client may be applying incorrectly, and develop interventions to modify or eliminate these rules.

Example: If a child consistently omits final consonants, the clinician can examine the rule that final consonants are often deleted and work on strengthening the production of these endings through rule-based therapy.

Natural phonology clinically used

Clinical Use: Recognize that certain phonological processes (like final consonant deletion or gliding) are natural developmental stages and facilitate their suppression or modification.

Example: A child using cluster reduction (e.g., "spoon" as "poon") can be guided through stages of natural suppression of the process, encouraging correct articulation as part of typical development

Nonlinear/multilinear clinically used

Clinical Use: Analyze complex sound patterns across multiple tiers or levels, especially in cases with severe or atypical phonological systems.

Example: In a child with multiple errors involving tone, stress, and syllable structure, the clinician can use a multilayered approach to target specific tiers (e.g., prosody, segmental errors) in therapy.

what are the three phonological processes branches?

The three branches of phonological processes are assimilation, substitution, and syllable structure. These processes describe how children simplify phonetic and phonemic structures during speech development.

what is assimilation?

Assimilation is a phonological process where a speech sound becomes more like a neighboring sound in articulatory features, helping children simplify speech.

What is substitution?

Substitution is a phonological process where a speech sound is replaced by another sound that is easier for the child to produce, often due to similarities in articulatory or acoustic properties.

what is syllable structure?

Syllable structure is a phonological process that involves the organization of sounds within a syllable, including the simplification of complex syllables into more manageable forms, which aids in speech development for children.

initial consonant deletion

is a phonological process where a child omits the initial consonant sound of a syllable, making the word easier to pronounce. This often occurs in early speech development.

cluster reduction

Cluster reduction is a phonological process where a child simplifies a consonant cluster within a syllable by omitting one or more consonants, making words easier to pronounce.

reduplication

is a phonological process where a child repeats a syllable or a part of a word, often to create a simpler, more manageable pronunciation for complex words.

weak syllable deletion

is a phonological process in which a child omits an unstressed syllable from a multi-syllable word, simplifying pronunciation.

final consonant deletion

a phonological process where a child omits the final consonant of a word, often making it easier to pronounce and simplifying the speech pattern.

fronting

is a phonological process where a child replaces back consonants (like /k/ or /g/) with front consonants (like /t/ or /d/) in their speech.

labialization

is a phonological process in which non-labial consonants are substituted with labial consonants, often making pronunciation easier for children.

alveolarization

is a phonological process where a child replaces sounds made with the tongue against the roof of the mouth with sounds made with the tongue against the alveolar ridge, simplifying their pronunciation.

stopping

is a phonological process where a child replaces fricative sounds (like /s/ or /f/) with stop consonants (like /t/ or /p/), often leading to simplified pronunciations.

affrication

is a phonological process where a child substitutes a fricative sound with an affricate sound, making articulation easier.

deaffrication

is a phonological process where a child replaces an affricate sound with a fricative sound, simplifying speech production.

labial

is a phonological process involving the substitution of sounds produced with the lips, such as replacing other consonants with /b/ or /p/ sounds, often to simplify articulation.

velar

is a phonological process where a child substitutes sounds produced at the back of the mouth, such as replacing /k/ and /g/ with more anterior sounds like /t/ or /d/, to ease articulation.

nasal

is a phonological process where a child replaces sounds produced with nasal airflow, such as substituting /m/, /n/, or /ng/ with oral sounds to simplify speech.

lingual

is a phonological process that involves the substitution of sounds produced with the tongue, such as replacing sounds like /s/ or /z/ with /d/ or /t/, often to make pronunciation easier.

progressive

is a phonological process where a child substitutes later occurring sounds or clusters with earlier developing sounds, often simplifying complex speech patterns.

regressive

is a phonological process in which a later occurring sound influences an earlier sound in a word, often leading to simplifications in speech.

dual

is a phonological process that involves the substitution of one sound for another, where the realization of a sound may depend on the presence or absence of certain features in a phonetic context.

tat for cat

fronting

side for slide

cluster reduction

pish for fish

stopping

wide for ride

gliding

do for go

fronting

pat for pack

fronting

doat for goat

fronting

mile for smile

cluster reduction

chouse for house

affrication

yike for like

gliding

tating for taking

fronting/assimilation

jish for fish

affrication

pinner for dinner

labialization

mak for mask

cluster reduction

shee for sheep

final consonant deletion

yittle for little

gliding

ca for cat

final consonant deletion

wed for red

gliding

titing for kicking

fronting

nana for banana

weak syllable deletion

pee for see

stopping

pace for face

stopping

jit for sit

affrication

puter

for computer

what is limitation, ordering and suppression

They are phonological processes that describe how children simplify speech sounds during development. Limitation refers to the exclusion of certain speech sounds, ordering involves rearranging sounds, and suppression is the cessation of a process as the child matures.

example of ordering

mom is mom

dad is bab

bottle is baba

example of limitation

mom is /mam/

bottle is mo

example of suppression

mom, dad, bottle

syllable structure processes

occurs between 18 months and 4 years

age reduplication

occurs in first words, suppresses quickly in two-year period

age final consonant deletion

disappears around 3

age unstressed or weak syllable deletion

can last to 4 years

age cluster reduction

suppresses a little later around 4

age stopping

suppresses at various ages

age fronting

suppresses between 3.5 and 5

age backing

uncommon

age gliding

can extend beyond age 5

age assimilation

should disappear by 3

what are the ASHA big 9 in total

1. Speech Sound Disorders (Articulation)

2. Fluency Disorders (Stuttering/Cluttering)

3. Voice and Resonance (Vocal quality, pitch, loudness)

4. Receptive and Expressive Language (Understanding and producing language)

5. Hearing (Auditory habilitation/rehabilitation)

6. Swallowing (Dysphagia)

7. Cognitive Aspects of Communication (Memory, attention, executive function)

8. Social Aspects of Communication (Pragmatics, verbal/nonverbal communication)

9. Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) (Devices/strategies to communicate)