unit 3:war and the defeat of Richard Duke of York

what were the events of the First Battle of St. Albans?

Lancastrians defended on the narrow streets of St. Albans to block Yorkist entry

Warwick ordered a Yorkist attack into Lancastrian homes

Henry VI captured and taken to the Abbey

Somerset killed 4 men before dying

roughly 60 men died, including Northumberland and Clifford

What were the short term outcomes of the First Battle of St. Albans?

due to Henry VI’s injury, he was forced to make York chief councillor

Margaret and Edward fled into exile

What were the long term outcomes of the First Battle of St. Albans?

York was made Lord Protector in November 1455

led to the Yorkist usurpation in 1461

What is ‘vendetta’ and how did they develop after the First Battle of St. Albans?

a blood feud occurring between Somerset’s heirs against the Yorkists due to the murder of Somerset

How did the First Battle of St. Albans affect Henry VI?

caused a relapse of his mental illness, never fully recovered

no longer able to rule under his own right

How did the First Battle of St. Albans impact Margaret of Anjou?

made her the leader of the Lancastrian party

became determined to destroy York

set up court in Coventry and contained Lancastrian supporters

How did the First Battle of St. Albans impact Richard Duke of York?

became Chief Advisor to the King

protectorate reinstated in November 1455

became Constable of England and vendettas were formed amongst the two families

How did the Yorkist victory at St. Albans result in York restoring his protectorate?

replaced Somerset as Chief Advisor to the King

able to begin making decisions on behalf of the King

How did York’s desire to secure power result in him restoring his protectorate?

confident that he could win over the nobility and parliament with qualities the king lacked and the country needed

How did York’s promise of reform result in him restoring his protectorate?

aimed to introduce limits on royal expenditure to please tax payers

How did problems in the South-West result in York restoring his protectorate?

dealt with the Bonville-Courtenay issues that the King had failed to resolve

How did the King’s health result in York restoring his protectorate?

1455 relapse, no longer able to govern on his own accord

How did the lack of an alternative to York result in York restoring his protectorate?

the only other choice was Duke of Exeter

condemned as an unstable traitor by York for plotting with James I

How did Margaret of Anjou become the head of the Pro-Lancastrian faction in court?

The King was ill and she had a duty to protect her son’s legacy from the Yorkists

How did medieval views of Margaret of Anjou influence her historical perceptions?

perceived as ferocious and vengeful for wanting to protect her husband and son’s legacy, and to destroy York

Reasons why Margaret of Anjou was blamed for the development of conflict?

made Warwick’s fees too high, causing him to resign

put her own supporters in senior government positions

convinced Henry to charge York with treasons

persuaded nobles that previously didn’t support her to back her

Reasons against Margaret of Anjou causing the development of conflict?

she was trying to protect her son’s inheritance

How did the second protectorate benefit Richard Duke of York?

Warwick became Captain of Calais, giving the Yorkists a larger powerbase

Why were there no major battles between 1455-59

neither side had the strength to defeat the other, so peace was maintained to assert dominance

Margaret and York sought to stabilise England

Describe the events of the Courtenay and Bonville dispute:

dispute over which family should dominate Devon

After St. Albans, The Bonville’s aimed to ally with the Yorkists, leading to the Courtenay’s retaliating with violence

Killed Nicholas Radford, Bonville’s lawyer

Courtenay’s took control of Exeter and defeated the Bonville’s at Clyst1455

York intervened, arresting the Earl of Devon and granting the Courtenay’s a royal pardon

Welsh example of uneasiness in England at this time:

Disputed between Edmund Tudor, William Herbert and Walter Devereux

Tudor captured Carmarthen Castle from York’s custody and was later captured by Devereux

died after his release, leaving his wife Margaret Beaufort widowed

London example of English uneasiness at this time:

Yorkists wore padded jackets

Margaret of Anjou moved her court to Coventry, and moved Henry to Kenilworth Castle

What were the events and significance of Loveday?

Leading members of each faction walked through the streets arm in arm

attended a religious ceremony in St. Pauls Cathedral to show a love of peace

London was full of armed men representing each faction, highlighting the two clear sides

Why did war break out in 1459?

Henry was too ill to govern

Courtenay-Bonville disputes increased uproar in the South-West

disputes between nobility

vendettas against the Yorkists

What were the causes of the Battle of Blore Heath?

Warwick’s refusal to obey government orders to return to London under piracy allegations

June 1459, a Great Council met at Coventry, leading to York ordering a meeting at Ludlow

What were the events of the Battle of Blore Heath 1459?

10,000 Lancastrians vs 5,000 Yorkists

Margaret ordered Audley to prevent Salisbury from joining York (requesting him dead or alive)

Audley used cavalry charges and died during the second charge

Lord Dudley commanded, led to many deaths and the remainder of the Lancastrian army fleeing

2000 Lancastrians died, compared to 200 Yorkists

What were the consequences of the Battle of Blore Heath?

The Ludford Bridge confrontation

What were the events of the Ludford Confrontation?

Yorkist army resumed their march to Ludlow to join York

Warwick arrived at Ludlow Castle with a contingent of soldiers from Calais, awaiting Margaret’s army

Yorkist dug ditches and barricades at Ludford Bridge

Trollope and Calais garrisons retreated once learning they would be fighting the King

Victory for Margaret

What were the agreements made at the Parliament of Devils?

attaining 27 Yorkist leaders and barring them from succeeding to their estates

confiscated land was given to Lancastrian supporters

What was the significance of the Parliament of Devils?

too extreme a punishment

nobility felt Margaret had gone too far and the actions set a worrying precedent for them

What were the events of the Battle of Northampton?

Yorkist supporters distributed propaganda sheets across the South East

Salisbury and Warwick landed in Kent, marching to London and were greeted as heroes

built up reinforcements and headed north with 8000 men, meeting the 5000 Lancastrian men

heavy rain made the Lancastrian canon useless, but repelled advances

turned into a riot with the Lancastrians fleeing, 4 main leaders killed

500 Lancastrians killed, Margaret fled with Edward, taking refuge at the Welsh Marches

What happened in the aftermath of the Battle of Northampton?

Yorkists took Henry VI and returned to London

replaced the ‘evil councillors’ with Yorkist men

York returned to England in September 1460, marched under the royal banner and carried his sword upright

expected applause from Lord but received nothing

claimed the throne 6 days later in the high court of Parliament

On October 1460, the Act of Accord was passed

What was the significance of the October 1460 Act of Accord?

suggested York was to become King after Henry VI, taking the inheritance from Prince Edward

led to Margaret gathering an army in the North

Lancastrian sympathisers gathered to her side, and attacked Yorkist property in the North

What were the events and aftermath of the Battle of Wakefield 1460 and their significance?

York and allies spent Christmas at Sandal Castle

castle was surrounded by Margaret and her 12,000 men army

Yorkist foraging party was attacked by Lancastrians

York and Salisbury rode out to defend, being captured and overwhelmed

York was beheaded under Margaret’s orders

What were the events and aftermath of the Battle of Mortimer’s cross and their significance?

York’s son, Edward, led his forces against the Lancastrians (led by Jasper Tudor) 5,000 men each side

Edward sought revenge by marching to meet the Lancastrian force at Mortimer’s Cross

Yorkist forces woke to a parhelia, viewing it as a sign of victory

Lancastrians tried to flee across the river, and were drowned by the weight of their armour

2000 were killed, including Owen Tudor, leading to the Earl of March increasing stature as military leader

How did the actions of Margaret’s ‘Northern Host’ alienate support for the Lancastrian cause?

Northern army headed to London, pillaging towns and villages they passed through

ruined the reputation of the army , after the second Battle of St. Albans, London was hesitant to led her back in

made London more pro-Yorkist, paving the way for the new Duke of York, who was en route

What were the actions of the Yorkists following the Second Battle of St. Albans and their significance?

12,000 Lancastrians and 10,000 Yorkists

in response to the Northern Host, Warwick marched from London with Henry VI to intercept the Lancastrian army

Lancastrians diverted the army, surprising Warwick by entering from the South

Lancastrians led by Trollope, attacked Yorkists, many fled when they felt the battle was hopeless

Henry VI returned to the Lancastrians

500 Lancastrians were killed or injured, 2000 Yorkists