Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
what were the events of the First Battle of St. Albans?
Lancastrians defended on the narrow streets of St. Albans to block Yorkist entry
Warwick ordered a Yorkist attack into Lancastrian homes
Henry VI captured and taken to the Abbey
Somerset killed 4 men before dying
roughly 60 men died, including Northumberland and Clifford
What were the short term outcomes of the First Battle of St. Albans?
due to Henry VI’s injury, he was forced to make York chief councillor
Margaret and Edward fled into exile
What were the long term outcomes of the First Battle of St. Albans?
York was made Lord Protector in November 1455
led to the Yorkist usurpation in 1461
What is ‘vendetta’ and how did they develop after the First Battle of St. Albans?
a blood feud occurring between Somerset’s heirs against the Yorkists due to the murder of Somerset
How did the First Battle of St. Albans affect Henry VI?
caused a relapse of his mental illness, never fully recovered
no longer able to rule under his own right
How did the First Battle of St. Albans impact Margaret of Anjou?
made her the leader of the Lancastrian party
became determined to destroy York
set up court in Coventry and contained Lancastrian supporters
How did the First Battle of St. Albans impact Richard Duke of York?
became Chief Advisor to the King
protectorate reinstated in November 1455
became Constable of England and vendettas were formed amongst the two families
How did the Yorkist victory at St. Albans result in York restoring his protectorate?
replaced Somerset as Chief Advisor to the King
able to begin making decisions on behalf of the King
How did York’s desire to secure power result in him restoring his protectorate?
confident that he could win over the nobility and parliament with qualities the king lacked and the country needed
How did York’s promise of reform result in him restoring his protectorate?
aimed to introduce limits on royal expenditure to please tax payers
How did problems in the South-West result in York restoring his protectorate?
dealt with the Bonville-Courtenay issues that the King had failed to resolve
How did the King’s health result in York restoring his protectorate?
1455 relapse, no longer able to govern on his own accord
How did the lack of an alternative to York result in York restoring his protectorate?
the only other choice was Duke of Exeter
condemned as an unstable traitor by York for plotting with James I
How did Margaret of Anjou become the head of the Pro-Lancastrian faction in court?
The King was ill and she had a duty to protect her son’s legacy from the Yorkists
How did medieval views of Margaret of Anjou influence her historical perceptions?
perceived as ferocious and vengeful for wanting to protect her husband and son’s legacy, and to destroy York
Reasons why Margaret of Anjou was blamed for the development of conflict?
made Warwick’s fees too high, causing him to resign
put her own supporters in senior government positions
convinced Henry to charge York with treasons
persuaded nobles that previously didn’t support her to back her
Reasons against Margaret of Anjou causing the development of conflict?
she was trying to protect her son’s inheritance
How did the second protectorate benefit Richard Duke of York?
Warwick became Captain of Calais, giving the Yorkists a larger powerbase
Why were there no major battles between 1455-59
neither side had the strength to defeat the other, so peace was maintained to assert dominance
Margaret and York sought to stabilise England
Describe the events of the Courtenay and Bonville dispute:
dispute over which family should dominate Devon
After St. Albans, The Bonville’s aimed to ally with the Yorkists, leading to the Courtenay’s retaliating with violence
Killed Nicholas Radford, Bonville’s lawyer
Courtenay’s took control of Exeter and defeated the Bonville’s at Clyst1455
York intervened, arresting the Earl of Devon and granting the Courtenay’s a royal pardon
Welsh example of uneasiness in England at this time:
Disputed between Edmund Tudor, William Herbert and Walter Devereux
Tudor captured Carmarthen Castle from York’s custody and was later captured by Devereux
died after his release, leaving his wife Margaret Beaufort widowed
London example of English uneasiness at this time:
Yorkists wore padded jackets
Margaret of Anjou moved her court to Coventry, and moved Henry to Kenilworth Castle
What were the events and significance of Loveday?
Leading members of each faction walked through the streets arm in arm
attended a religious ceremony in St. Pauls Cathedral to show a love of peace
London was full of armed men representing each faction, highlighting the two clear sides
Why did war break out in 1459?
Henry was too ill to govern
Courtenay-Bonville disputes increased uproar in the South-West
disputes between nobility
vendettas against the Yorkists
What were the causes of the Battle of Blore Heath?
Warwick’s refusal to obey government orders to return to London under piracy allegations
June 1459, a Great Council met at Coventry, leading to York ordering a meeting at Ludlow
What were the events of the Battle of Blore Heath 1459?
10,000 Lancastrians vs 5,000 Yorkists
Margaret ordered Audley to prevent Salisbury from joining York (requesting him dead or alive)
Audley used cavalry charges and died during the second charge
Lord Dudley commanded, led to many deaths and the remainder of the Lancastrian army fleeing
2000 Lancastrians died, compared to 200 Yorkists
What were the consequences of the Battle of Blore Heath?
The Ludford Bridge confrontation
What were the events of the Ludford Confrontation?
Yorkist army resumed their march to Ludlow to join York
Warwick arrived at Ludlow Castle with a contingent of soldiers from Calais, awaiting Margaret’s army
Yorkist dug ditches and barricades at Ludford Bridge
Trollope and Calais garrisons retreated once learning they would be fighting the King
Victory for Margaret
What were the agreements made at the Parliament of Devils?
attaining 27 Yorkist leaders and barring them from succeeding to their estates
confiscated land was given to Lancastrian supporters
What was the significance of the Parliament of Devils?
too extreme a punishment
nobility felt Margaret had gone too far and the actions set a worrying precedent for them
What were the events of the Battle of Northampton?
Yorkist supporters distributed propaganda sheets across the South East
Salisbury and Warwick landed in Kent, marching to London and were greeted as heroes
built up reinforcements and headed north with 8000 men, meeting the 5000 Lancastrian men
heavy rain made the Lancastrian canon useless, but repelled advances
turned into a riot with the Lancastrians fleeing, 4 main leaders killed
500 Lancastrians killed, Margaret fled with Edward, taking refuge at the Welsh Marches
What happened in the aftermath of the Battle of Northampton?
Yorkists took Henry VI and returned to London
replaced the ‘evil councillors’ with Yorkist men
York returned to England in September 1460, marched under the royal banner and carried his sword upright
expected applause from Lord but received nothing
claimed the throne 6 days later in the high court of Parliament
On October 1460, the Act of Accord was passed
What was the significance of the October 1460 Act of Accord?
suggested York was to become King after Henry VI, taking the inheritance from Prince Edward
led to Margaret gathering an army in the North
Lancastrian sympathisers gathered to her side, and attacked Yorkist property in the North
What were the events and aftermath of the Battle of Wakefield 1460 and their significance?
York and allies spent Christmas at Sandal Castle
castle was surrounded by Margaret and her 12,000 men army
Yorkist foraging party was attacked by Lancastrians
York and Salisbury rode out to defend, being captured and overwhelmed
York was beheaded under Margaret’s orders
What were the events and aftermath of the Battle of Mortimer’s cross and their significance?
York’s son, Edward, led his forces against the Lancastrians (led by Jasper Tudor) 5,000 men each side
Edward sought revenge by marching to meet the Lancastrian force at Mortimer’s Cross
Yorkist forces woke to a parhelia, viewing it as a sign of victory
Lancastrians tried to flee across the river, and were drowned by the weight of their armour
2000 were killed, including Owen Tudor, leading to the Earl of March increasing stature as military leader
How did the actions of Margaret’s ‘Northern Host’ alienate support for the Lancastrian cause?
Northern army headed to London, pillaging towns and villages they passed through
ruined the reputation of the army , after the second Battle of St. Albans, London was hesitant to led her back in
made London more pro-Yorkist, paving the way for the new Duke of York, who was en route
What were the actions of the Yorkists following the Second Battle of St. Albans and their significance?
12,000 Lancastrians and 10,000 Yorkists
in response to the Northern Host, Warwick marched from London with Henry VI to intercept the Lancastrian army
Lancastrians diverted the army, surprising Warwick by entering from the South
Lancastrians led by Trollope, attacked Yorkists, many fled when they felt the battle was hopeless
Henry VI returned to the Lancastrians
500 Lancastrians were killed or injured, 2000 Yorkists