Adv Marine Sci Midterm 2

explain what the Papahanamokuakea marine project does.

The work at the national monument involves collecting debris like fishing nets to help protect the animals and environment there.

Characteristic of Phylum Echinodermata

spiny-skinned, planktonic larvae with bilateral symmetry, oral/aboral body plan, unique water vascular system, tube feet, osscicles

What types of feeding to Echinoderms have?

All feed on POM, suspension, deposit, grazing, and prey capture

suspension feeding

feeding on POM suspended in the water

Type of suspension feeding, filter feeding

water actively pumped or filtering, structures swept through the water

Type of suspension, passive feeding

no active pumping or filtering, use of cilia and mucus to move particles to the mouth

deposit feeding

feeding on POM that settles on the bottom

Class asteroidea

sea stars, water vascular system that circulates and facilitates nutrient exchange, waste removal, and respiration, medraporite, hydraulic system used for locomotion

medraporite

a perforated plate on the aboral surface that filters seawater intake and into entire water vascular system

examples of class asteroidea

fishers star, hawaiian circular star, crown of thorns

crown of thorns seastar

class asteroidea, feeds on live coral which is killing reefs

class echinoidea

sea urchins, imagine folded sea stars, have a medraporite, grazes

class holothuroidea

sea cucumbers, imagine a stretched out sea urchin, have a medraporite depooit feeders

class ophiurodea

britte stars, spiny brittle stars, hawaiian name pe’a

class crinoidea

sea lillies and feather stars, common in indo-pacific region, very deep water in Hawaiian islands, stalk and holdfast

holdfast

root-like structure at base of stalk, anchored to seafloor on class crinoidea

What did you learn about from Ethan Estess?

you can use different tagging methods on marine mammals like acoustic tags and satellite tags, your careers and interests may change overtime

Intro to fishes

1st vertebrate to evolve 500 mya, most abundant vertebrate with ~33,000 species, backbone/ dorsal hollow nerve chord

Class Agnatha, Jawless fishes characteristics

~100-120 sp, lampreys and hagfish, fed by suction and rows of teeth

lampreys

~30 sp, feed by suction and rows of teeth, suck blood from other fish, most are in temperate, freshwater, eat benthic invertebrates

hagfishes,

~76 known sp, feed by suction and rows of teeth, feed mostly on dead/dying fish, dig tunnels in muddy sediment, produce extreme amounts of slime, in shallows and up to 5500 ft deep

Class Chondrichthyes, Cartilaginous fish characteristics

skeleton made of cartilage, moveable jaw, ventral mouth

Sharks

most sharks are viviparous, but some lay eggs, most are active hunters aka carnivorous, but whale sharks are filter feeders

Rays and Skates

dorsoventrally flattened bodies, gill slits ventrally, pectoral fins are flat and extend like wings

Class Osteichthyes, Bony fishes characteristics

~31,000 to 33,000 sp, ossified skeletons, about 20% of Hawaii reef fishes are are endemic bony fish

Ray finned fishes

bondy slender rays support fins, 99% of bony fishes are ray finned

Lobe finned fishes

~8 sp, muscular lobe fins, coelecanths only 2 current sp

What are some differences in bony fish and shark body structure?

sharks have placoid scales while bony have cycloid scales, sharks mouth is ventral and bony fish is usually terminal, sharks have a fatty liver for buoyancy and bony fish have a gas filled swim bladder, sharks have a high urea concentration as an adaptation to high salt content in blood while bony fish have water loss through osmosis through gills and skin

Billfishes= sailfiish, marlin and swordfish

~12 sp, cold-blooded with warm muslces

Explain why and how some fish can be cold-blooded but have warm muscles

billfish and tunas evolved specialized tissues to heat muscles, allows them to swim super fast, muscle heaters near eyes and braincase, to allow for better sight in low light and for foraging

Example of a complex social behavior of fish: collaboration

groupers hunting with moray eel or octopus to help eachother

Example of a complex social behavior of fish: courtship

female manta rays mate with up to 30 males and make them do an intense dance to prove endurance and fitness

Example of a complex social behavior of fish: problem solving

fish like groupers can use their fins to waft trapped food out without getting caught in traps

Example of a complex social behavior of fish: pair for life

70 species of monogamous fish, including seahorses and butterflyfish, mate for life with one other individual

Diverse reproductive strategy examples

male seahorses give birth, some fish change sex with age,

Why are angler fish reproductively interesting?

extreme sexual parasitism, Males attach to females using their teeth, with some species dissolving their mouths into the female’s body.

example of mutualism in the ocean

both species benefit, ex; cleaner fish remove parasites from larger fish and get food

example of commensalism in the ocean

one benefits while the other is unaffected, ex; barnacles on whales

sailfish

extremely fast, herd and slash prey with bill, grow very fast early in life

flying fish

launch out of water to escape predators, glide using wing-like fins, tail beats at the surface for takeoff speed

humpback whale flipper

long fins with tubercles, reduces drag and increases lift, inspired wind turbine design

snapping shrimp

claw creates cavitation bubbles, bubble collapse stuns/kills prey, produces heat, light, and a loud snap

Albatross

uses dynamic soaring (wind and waves), glides long distances with little energy, can travel hundreds of miles daily

Narwhals

narwhals use their tusks to detect salinity and pressure, and it acts as a sensory organ, it has a multichambered stomach and calves are born breech

Immortal Jellyfish

~5 mm, can revert to poly stage instead of dying

harp seal

live in a