Chapter 5 - Eukaryotic cell

main component of the eukaryotic envelope

plasma membrane and external coverings

major membrane lipids in the lipid bilayer

glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, and cholesterol

main component of the eukaryotic cell wall

sugar/polysaccharide

main component of the bacterial cell wall

peptidoglycan

whats in photosynthetic algea

cellulose, pectin, silica, and calcium carbonate

whats in fungal cells

chitin, glucan

cytosol

liquid component where organelles are located

cytoskeleton

helps organize the cytoplasm

three interconnected filaments

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

microtubules

made of proteins, help with mitosis and meiosis, found in the external cell wall

microfilaments (actin)

made of actin, movement in the cell

intermediate filaments

mechanical support, made of proteins

chloroplasts

location for the cellular process of photosynthesis

lysosome

“garbage disposal” location for storage of many types of degradative enzymes and site of intracellular digestion

location for protein modification and packaging prior to secretion or delivery to other cellular compartments

golgi apparatus

location for storage of protective compounds that break down lipids and detoxify certain chemicals

peroxisome

location for DNA and RNA synthesis

nucleus

location for protein and lipid synthesis and some protein modification

endoplasmic reticulum

location for most metabolic reactions in cellular respiration

mitochondria

what pathways do cytoplasmic membrane organelles function in

secretory and endocytic pathways

the secretory pathway

moves materials to various sites within the cell. inside the membrane or to the cell exterior

proteins release from small vesicles in the rough ER…

modification of proteins occur in the golgi apparatus.

ribosomes release proteins on the ER.. exit the ER and go into the cis end of the golgi

golgi delivers the materials where it has to go as it exits the trans side of the golgi. The golgi makes modifications to TAG it where it is supposed to go

what is the purpose of endocytosis

bring something into the cell

phagocytosis

bringing in something solid

pinocytosis

bringing in liquid to the cell

autophagy

delivery of materials to be digested…. this route doesnt involve endocytosis

macroautophagy

digestion and recycling…. uses a double membrane, then attaches to a lysosome to become garbage

what happens in the nucleoid of the cell

ribosome synthesis

how big are eukaryotic ribosomes and where are they located?

80s, free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER

RER ribosomes - synthesize proteins

make integral membrane or secreted proteins

Free ribosomes - synthesize proteins

make all other proteins than what the RER makes

were mitochondria and chloroplasts once free living?

yes

mitochondria

generate ATP, derived from alpha proteo bacteria

when they make ATP they become larger and split

found in most eukaryotic cells & have their own DNA

chloroplast

double membrane, stroma, granum, thylakoids, NOT IN BACTERIA.. strictly euk

plastid

pigment containing organelles in plants and algea

in eukaryotic cells.. cilia and flagella make up a

9+2 arrangement of microtubules

about how many human eukaryotic microbes have been identified

~50… ex : thrush

protist kingdom

64,000 different single-celled life forms. most are unicellular

lack the level of tissue for organization

eukaryotic that aren’t plants, animals, or fungi

protist

protist vibes

• moist

• free living

• recycle N and P

• parasitic

algae are

photosynthetic, usually green, golden, brown, or red

algae can be unicellular or multicellular

uni : diatoms

multi : seaweeds or kelp

what life forms are algae important for

food, iodine, fertilizers, emulsifiers, and stabilizers