Oral Comm Exam Finals

Speech

Process of using our voice and language to talk, share ideas, feelings, or information.

Speech Production

A four stage physiological process that begins with air from lungs and is modified to become words

Respiration

Air is pushed from the lungs through the trachea.

Airflow provides the energy source for speech

(Initiation/Airflow)

Phonation

Air passes through the larynx, Where the vocal cords are located

-Can be voiced or voiceless

Resonation

“Sound Generation”

Sound is shaped in the oral cavity

Articulation

Organs of speech, move to shape the resonant sound

Context

Set of circumstances, background, or environment in which event, statement, and action takes place.

Speech Context

Refers to the environment where communication takes place

Intrapersonal

Communication that happens within the self

(Involves thinking, reflecting, or decision making)

Self Reflection

Knowing your strengths and weaknesses

Goal Setting

Determine what they want

Imagination

Tapping into creative side

Interpersonal

Happens between two or more people

Dyadic Communication

Communication between two people only, Usually personal

Small Group

Communication between 3-10 people. Everyone has the chance to participate and share ideas

Public Communication

One person communicates with a large audience.

(Feedback is limited or indirect)

Mass Communication

Communication directed to a very large audience using media (print, broadcast, digital)

Used to inform, entertain and persuade the general public.

Based on Form and Tone

Differ in how formal or informal the language

Context Dependent

Situation and people involved influence which style is used.

Varies in Structure

Some styles allow interruptions and incomplete sentences while others are fixed.

Speech Style Shows Relationship

Style often used in reflection of closeness

Frozen

Language is often memorized or unchanging.

(Shows consistency, Fixed style, Most formal)

Formal

Grammar is complete and proper

(Careful word choice and Organized Structure)

Consultative

One is more knowledgeable or has authority

(Semi Formal, Clear Feedbacks, Explanations)

Casual

Includes slangs, Jokes, and incomplete sentences

(Informal and relaxed, Among peers and friends)

Intimate

Often non verbal communication is enough

(Used om very close relationships)

Speech Acts

An utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended purpose

John Langshaw Austin

First developed Speech Act Theory and is known as philosopher of language

Locutionary Act

The actual utterance itself

(Literal/Exact Meaning)

Illocutionary Act

Intention of the speaker

(Social function behind the utterance/ Purpose or intent)

Perlocutionary Act

Effect of the utterance has on the listener

John Searle

Created the classification of illocutionary Acts

Assertive

speaker expresses a belief about the truth of a proposition 

(A statement of ones belief)

Directive

Speaker tries to make the listener addressee perform an action

(Request or Commands)

Commissive

Acts as a promise to do something and gives assurance

(Promising, Vowing, Betting)

Expressive

-Speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions

Declaration

Brings a change in the external situation of the people involved 

Communication is a process

continuous and constantly changing

does not happen in isolation (pag magisa ka)

always affected by outside factors

Communication is systematic

Each culture has its own system, ranging from verbal to non-verbal communication.

Communication involves communicators

Actively and simultaneously construct meaning out of the conversation.

Facial expressions, gestures, or eye contact also communicate a message.

Communication is irreversible

Be careful with your choice of words and use of language.

Be mindful of tone (may lead to misunderstandings)

Communication is Proactive

Meaning rests not only in the person who conveys the message.

The receiver is also involved in the active construction of meaning.

Communication is Symbolic

May be used to signify or represent another thing, concept, or information.

Speaker

Starting point of the communication process

Creates the message

Encoding

Turning thoughts into perceivable forms

Message

The information, idea, emotion, etc. delivered in the communication process.

Channel

method/way the message is sent.

Receiver

Receives and interprets the data.

Decoding

Process of interpreting messages.

Feedback

Response given by the receiver

Noise

Anything that interferes the message / communication

Context

Situation, setting, or environment the communication took place.

Purposes of Speaking

To Persuade
To Inform
To Entertain 

Control

Manage, direct, or influence, the behavior and actions of others.

Commands, guides, and maintains order in social situations.

Motivation

Inspire, encourage, or influence people to act.

Emotional Expression

allows individuals to convey their internal emotional states.

Social Interaction

Tool for forming, maintaining, and nurturing social relationships.

Information Dissemination

Transmission and reception of factual, instructional, or descriptive content.

Completeness 

communication should include all the information that the receiver needs to hear.

Conciseness 

message is direct or straight to the point.

Consideration

speaker considers the relevant information about the speaker (i.e. mood, background, preference, etc.)

Concreteness

is supported by facts, figures, and real-life examples and situations. It has to be specific.

Courtesy

respecting values, and beliefs of the receivers. Creates a positive impact.

Clearness

use of simple and specific words to express ideas. Avoids the use of homonyms and heteronyms.

Correctness

correct grammar increases the credibility and clarity of the message.

Communication Breakdown

Where the communication taking place between two or more people is either inconceivable, wrongly comprehended, or entirely absent.

Result of communication barrier.

Physical Barriers

- barriers in the surroundings

High temperature

Noise

TIme and Distance

Defects in communication Systems

Wrong selection of medium

Psychological Barriers

mental and emotional factors affecting communication. Problems arising due to stress or psychological problems.

Semantic Barriers

problems with the meaning or interpretation of words and symbols. Arising due to language differences.

Socio Cultural Barriers

-differences in social and cultural practices or beliefs.

Concept of Time

Body Language

Etiquettes and Mannerisms

Value System

Assumptions about social groups.

Communicative Strategies

-Inspired by Dell Hymes’ concept of Communicative Competence

-Developed by Andrew Cohen in 1990

-Strategies must be used to start and maintain a conversation.

-Make conversations run smoothly, whether in casual talks, classroom discussions, or formal meetings.

Nomination

-This strategy is used to 

open or establish a topic in a conversation. 

This is where the speaker introduces a topic 

to start a conversation. 

Restriction

Limiting the discussion to a specific scope or set of rules. As a result, the listener is forced to respond only within a set of categories made by the speaker.

Turn Taking

It refers to the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor.

Topic Control

Keeps conversation focused on the current subject to avoid unrelated topics.

Topic Shift

moving from one topic to another.

Repair

Fixing a misunderstanding or correcting oneself. This ensures that the meaning of the message is accurate, clear, and understood by all participants.

Termination

-refers to the conversation participants’ close- initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation.

Speech According to Purpose

Refers to the classification of speeches based on the speakers main goal or intention in addressing the audience 

Informative Speech

-Focuses on step by step process

-Uses definitions and vivid details

-Uses description

-Provides Information

Persuasive Speech

-Persuades the audience to:
-Feel a certain way

-Take a certain action

-Support a specific view or cause

Motivational Speech

-Includes uplifting stories

-Will move and inspire the audience to do greater things in life

Entertainment Speech

-Funny stories

-Relatable and helps the audience to relax

-Tells jokes and skits

Speech According to Delivery

-Refers to the different ways a speaker presents their message to an audience

Manuscript Speech

-Delivered by reading every word from a written text or Script

-Often used in formal settings where accuracy and proper wording are very important 

Memorized Speech

-The speaker writes, studies, and delivers entirely from memory. No notes or scripts are used during delivery 

Extemporaneous Speech

-Prepared and practiced in advance ( limited time given ) 

-Delivered using brief notes or an outline