Bace cram

What is the minimum percentage required to pass the biotechnology test?

80%

What are the two main parts of the biotechnology test?

Knowledge and Practical

What is the total number of questions in the biotechnology test?

Approximately 210 questions

What is the primary focus of Phase 1 in clinical trials?

Studying safety parameters of the drug with healthy volunteers or those with the condition.

What is the primary focus of Phase 2 in clinical trials?

Efficacy and determining side effects with volunteers who have the disease.

What is the primary focus of Phase 3 in clinical trials?

Broad scale study of the drug's efficacy and monitoring side effects.

What does GLP stand for in biotechnology?

Good Laboratory Practices

What does GCP stand for in clinical trials?

Good Clinical Practices

What does cGMP stand for?

Current Good Manufacturing Practices

What is the role of Quality Control in a biotechnology company?

Testing the product for quality.

What is the role of Quality Assurance in a biotechnology company?

Ensures compliance with cGMPs.

What does SOP stand for?

Standard Operating Procedure

What is the purpose of Gram staining?

To classify bacteria as Gram positive (purple) or Gram negative (pink).

What is the first step in the Gram staining process?

Heat fixing the slide.

What is the function of mRNA?

Messenger RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

What is the function of tRNA?

Transfer RNA that transfers amino acids during protein synthesis.

What is the function of rRNA?

Ribosomal RNA that makes up the ribosomes.

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

What is transduction in bacteria?

The process of DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another via a virus.

What is transformation in bacteria?

The uptake of DNA from the environment by a bacterium.

What is conjugation in bacteria?

The transfer of DNA between bacteria through direct contact via a pilus.

What is the role of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)?

Regulates the safety of pesticides, GMOs, and microorganisms.

Who is known as the father of microbiology?

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

What did Louis Pasteur contribute to science?

Founder of germ theory, pasteurization, and vaccination.

What is the purpose of aseptic technique in culturing microorganisms?

To prevent contamination and ensure pure cultures.

What are the three types of RNA involved in protein synthesis?

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

What is the primary response in the immune system?

The first infection response involving IgM antibodies.

What is the secondary response in the immune system?

The response to a previously encountered virus, producing IgG antibodies first.

What is decontamination?

The process that renders an item or material safe to handle by reducing microbial contamination.

What does disinfection achieve?

It eliminates most pathogens but not necessarily all types of microbes.

What is a spectrophotometer used for?

To detect and measure molecules by passing light through a sample.

What wavelength do bacteria absorb without damage?

600 nm

What is the DNA purity ratio range for 260:280?

1.8-2.0

What does ELISA stand for?

Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbant Assay

What is the purpose of a primary antibody in ELISA?

It binds to the specific antigen.

What is a competitive ELISA?

An ELISA where target antigens compete with reference antigens.

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

By injecting an antigen, inducing an immune response, isolating B cells, and fusing them with tumor cells.

What is the purpose of SDS in SDS-PAGE?

To denature proteins and add a negative charge for separation during electrophoresis.

What is the first step in DNA extraction?

Lysis of cells using a lysis buffer.

What is the role of Taq DNA Polymerase in PCR?

It is a heat-resistant enzyme that builds DNA during the extension phase.

What is the function of a thermal cycler in PCR?

To control the temperature cycles for denaturation, annealing, and extension.

What is the purpose of buffers in a pH measurement?

To resist changes in pH when acids or bases are added.

What is the significance of calibrating a pH meter?

To ensure accurate pH measurements using known buffer solutions.

What is the purpose of agarose gel electrophoresis?

To separate DNA samples based on size.

What is the purpose of streaking a plate?

To isolate bacterial colonies.

What is the function of potassium acetate in DNA extraction?

To stabilize DNA.

What does PCR stand for?

Polymerase Chain Reaction

What is the role of alcohol in DNA extraction?

To precipitate DNA, as it does not dissolve in alcohol.

What is the purpose of using recombinant DNA?

To produce proteins such as insulin or vaccines.

What is the difference between regular and shaking incubators?

Regular incubators are used for solid media, while shaking incubators are used for liquid media to enhance oxygen access.

What is the purpose of using oil immersion in microscopy?

To achieve a clearer view by allowing the lens to touch the oil.

What is the significance of the 260 nm wavelength in spectrophotometry?

It is used to measure DNA concentration.

What are hybridomas?

Cells created by fusing B cells with tumor cells to produce monoclonal antibodies.

What is the purpose of the extension phase in PCR?

To build new DNA strands using the Taq DNA Polymerase.

What is the function of a lysis buffer?

To break down cell membranes and release DNA.

What is the role of MgCl2 in PCR?

To stabilize DNA and assist in the polymerase activity.

What type of microscope has objectives located above the stage?

Bright Field Microscope (Light Microscope)

Which microscope has the light source located above the specimen?

Inverted Microscope

What type of microscope uses a laser light to scan dyed samples?

Confocal Microscope

Which microscope uses electrons to scan samples in near-vacuum conditions?

Electron Microscope

What is the function of the stage in a microscope?

Holds the sample

What is the purpose of the fine adjustment knob on a microscope?

Makes small changes to focus the lens, used at higher magnification

What does the coarse adjustment knob do?

Makes large changes, moves the stage up and down, used at lower magnification

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, while anaerobic respiration does not.

What are the four types of chemical bonds?

Ionic, covalent (polar and nonpolar), hydrogen bonds, and weak interactions.

What characterizes ionic bonds?

They involve the transfer of electrons between atoms.

What is a polar covalent bond?

A bond where electrons are shared unequally, creating a slight charge.

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms.

What are the biosafety levels (BSL) in laboratory settings?

BSL-1 to BSL-4, with increasing levels of safety and containment.

What is the purpose of a fume hood?

Protects the user from hazardous chemicals and vapors by venting air outside.

What does a biosafety cabinet do?

Protects the user, environment, and materials from contamination.

What is the function of an autoclave?

Sterilizes liquids, containers, and instruments by increasing pressure.

What is included in a chemical spill kit?

Absorbent materials, neutralizing materials, PPE, and disposal bags.

What is the significance of maintaining a sterile workplace?

Prevents contamination and ensures safe laboratory practices.

What is the formula for calculating dilution?

C1V1 = C2V2, where C is concentration and V is volume.

What is the purpose of a standard curve in experiments?

To determine the concentration of unknown samples by comparing them to known standards.

What is the proper way to measure liquids using micropipets?

Choose the smallest pipette capable of handling the required volume for accuracy.

What is the importance of calibrating pipettes?

Ensures accuracy in measurements; should be calibrated annually.

What is the function of a spectrophotometer?

Measures the amount of light absorbed by a sample.

What is the role of CO2 in cell culture?

Helps regulate pH for optimal cell growth.

What are the phases of bacterial growth?

Lag, exponential, stationary, and death phase.

When should cells be harvested during bacterial growth?

Late in the exponential phase when they are healthy and dividing.