ANAPHY CHAPTER 11

gases, nutrients, waste products, pH, osmosis

gases, nutrients, waste products, pH, osmosis

Functions of Blood;

transport of ____, ____, and ____

regulation of ____ and ____

Plasma

55% of total blood

pale, yellow liquid that surrounds cells

91%, 7%, 2%

Plasma;

____ water, ____ proteins, and ____ other (percentage)

Formed Elements

45% of total blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes

Albumin

58% of plasma proteins

helps maintain water balance

Globulin

38% of plasma proteins

helps immune system

Fibrinogen

4% of plasma proteins

aids in clot formation

Hematopoiesis

process that produces formed elements

stem cells, hemocytoblasts

Hematopoiesis;

all the formed elements of blood are derived from a single population of cells called ____ or ____

8%

Blood makes up about ____ of total body weight (percentage)

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells

disk-shaped with thick edges

Nucleus is lost during development

live for 120 days

transport O2 to tissues

Hemoglobin

Main component of erythrocytes

heme molecule, one iron atom

Each globin protein is attached to a ___

Each heme contains ____

Oxyhemoglobin

Hemoglobin with an O2 attached

erythropoietin, red bone marrow, blood O2 levels

Production of Erythrocytes;

Decreased blood O2 levels cause kidneys to increase production of the hormone ____.

Erythropoietin stimulates ____ to produce more erythrocytes.

Increased erythrocytes cause an increase in ____.

macrophages, hemoglobin, globin, hemoglobin’s iron, heme, bilirubin

Fate of Old Erythrocytes and Hemoglobin;

Old red blood cells are removed from blood by ___ in spleen and liver.

____ is broken down.

____ is broken down into amino acids.

____ is recycled.

____ is converted to bilirubin.

____ is taken up by liver and released into small intestine as part of bile.

Leukocytes

White blood cells (WBC)

Lack hemoglobin

Larger than erythrocytes

Contain a nucleus

fight infections

remove dead cells and debris by phagocytosis

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Types of Leukocytes

Granulocytes

contain specific granules and include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

Agranulocytes

no specific granules

Neutrophils

most common

remain in blood for 10 to 12 hours then move to tissues

phagocytes

Eosinophils

reduce inflammation

destroy parasites

Basophils

least common

release histamine and heparin

Monocytes

largest sized white blood cells

produce macrophages

Lymphocytes

immune response

several different types (T cells and B cells)

lead to production of antibodies

Platelets

minute fragments of cells, each consisting of a small amount of cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane

They are produced in the red bone marrow from large cells called megakaryocytes.

Small fragments break off from the megakaryocytes and enter the blood as ____.

play an important role in preventing blood loss

Blood Loss

When blood vessels are damaged, blood can leak into other tissues and disrupt normal function.

Blood that is lost must be replaced by production of new blood or by a transfusion.

Vascular spasm

temporary constriction of a blood vessel that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the vessel contracts.

This constriction can close small vessels completely and stop the flow of blood through them.

stimulated by chemicals released by cells of the damaged blood vessel wall and by platelets.

Platelet plugs

can seal up small breaks in blood vessels

Blood Clotting

Blood can be transformed from a liquid to a gel

Clot

network of thread-like proteins called fibrin that trap blood cells and fluid

Prothrombinase, thrombin, fibrinogen, network

Steps in Clot Formation;

1. Injury to a blood vessel causes inactive clotting factors to become activated due to exposed connective tissue or release of thromboplastin

2. ____ (clotting factor) is formed and acts upon prothrombin

3. Prothrombin is switched to its active form ____

4. Thrombin activates ____ into its active form fibrin

5. Fibrin forms a ____ that traps blood (clots)

Clot Formation Control

Clots need to be controlled so they don’t spread throughout the body

Anticoagulants

prevent clots from forming

Example - heparin and antithrombin

Clot retraction

condensing of clot

serum in plasma is squeezed out of clot

helps enhance healing

Fibrinolysis

process of dissolving clot

plasminogen (plasma protein) breaks down clot (fibrin)

Transfusion reactions/Agglutination

clumping of blood cells (bad)

Antigens

molecules on surface of erythrocytes

Antibodies

proteins in plasma that bind to specific antigens

A, B, both types of antigens, neither A nor B antigens

ABO Blood Groups;

In the ABO blood group system, there are two types of antigens that may appear on the surface of the red blood cells, type A antigen and type B antigen.

Type A blood has type ____ antigens, type B blood has type ____ antigens, and type AB blood has ____.

Type O blood has ____.

The types of antigens found on the surface of the red blood cells are genetically determined.

anti-B, anti-A, neither, both

ABO Blood Groups;

Antibodies against the antigens are usually present in the plasma of blood.

Plasma from type A blood contains ____ antibodies, which act against type B antigens;

Plasma from type B blood contains ____ antibodies, which act against type A antigens.

Type AB blood plasma has ____ type of antibody, and type O blood plasma has ____ type of antibody.

O, A, B, AB, O

Blood Donor and Recipient According to ABO Blood Types;

Type ____ are universal donors because they have no antigens

Type ____ can receive A and O blood

Type ____ can receive B and O blood

Type ____ are universal recipients, can receive A, B, AB or O blood

Type ____ can only receive O blood

Rh, Rh+

Rh Blood Group;

Rh positive means you have ____ antigens

95 to 85% of the population is Rh+

Antibodies only develop if an Rh- person is exposed to ____ blood by transfusion or from mother to fetus

antibodies, reaction

Rh Incompatibility in Pregnancy;

If mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+ the mother can be exposed to Rh+ blood if fetal blood leaks through placenta and mixes with mother’s blood.

First time this occurs mother’s blood produces ____ against antigens.

Any repeated mixing of blood causes a ____.

Complete blood count

provides information such as RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and WBC count

Hematocrit

% of total blood volume composed of RBC

Prothrombin time

time it takes for blood to begin clotting (9 to 12 sec.)

White blood cell count

total number of white blood cells

60 to 70%, 20 to 25%, 3 to 8%, 2 to 4%, 0.5 to 1%

White blood cell differential count;

Determines the % of each 5 kinds of leukocytes

neutrophils:

lymphocytes:

monocytes:

eosinophils:

basophils:

Leukopenia

low white blood cell count

caused by radiation, chemotherapy drugs, tumors, viral infections

Leukocytosis

high white blood cell count

caused by infections and leukemia