Unit 2 AP Hug

population distribution

spread of people across the earth; pattern of human settlement

physical factors influencing population distribution

climate: people prefer tropics and suptropics in mid-lattitudes that have moderate climates

landforms:low landforms preferred

bodies of water: usually live near lakes/rivers/oceans

elavation: lower elevations preffered in mid/high latitudes and high elevations preffered in tropics

human factors affecting population distribution

culture: want acces to education, healthcare, entertainment

economics: places with valued resrouces, industrial areas, good jobs, good infrasturctured, developed areas with tourism

history: areas where humans used to flourish continue to flourish

politics: politcal stability

Area with the highest population density

Eurasia: europe(10%) and asia(60%)

ecumene

portion of Earth’s surface with permanent human settlement

population clusters. regions with the largest population clusters

heavily populated areas that shows the unevenness of global population distributions

south asia, east asia, southeast asia, europe

Top 3 countries: China, India, US

megacities vs metacities

metacities: more than 20 million residents

megacities: more than 10 million residents

developed vs developing countries

developed: ocuntry with an advanced economy and a high state of living

developing: country with a relatively low income and a poorer economy

sparsely populated areas

are more common than population clusters as humans will avoid places too cold, dry, wet, or rugged

Snow Belt vs Sun Belt

Snow belt: US states in the northern and midwestern parts; seeing a pop decease

Sun Belt: states in coastal areas and the South to the Southwest. Seeing a population increase

Mean center of population

balancing point given the distribution of the population

population density

measures average population per unit of land area; measures how crowded a place ist

Types of population densities

Arithmetic(crude) density: average number of people per unit of land area. Can have flawed results because it hides geogrpahic variation in population within an area

Physiological density: average number of people per unit area of arable land. Helps measure carry capacity of a country

Agricultural density: numbef of farmers per unit of arable land. The highe the number, the more labor intensive an area’s agriculture is and the less developed the country is due to access to less technology

arable land

land suitable for cultivation

why population distribution and density is important

economic: the number of people clustered in an area can affect the demand of goods and services which influences governments and private businesses in their decisions as to whether they should build infrastructure there

political: affects House of Representatives members

environmental: more populated areas usually have worse air quality; less natural habitats for wildlife, farmland, and greenspace3s

diseases and natural disasters: faster spread of diseases; higher losses from natural disasters

carry capacity

number of people an environment on Earth can support on a sustainable basis

human well being

state of being comforatable, healthy, or happy; no link to population density

population density vs distribution

distribution: tells WHERE people live

density: tells how MANY people live there

age structure

splitting a population into differeng age groups/cohorts

dependency ratio

the number of dependents in a population that each 100 working age people(15-64) must support

dependents/working age pop * 100%

Youth and elderly dependency

Youth dependency ratio: number of young dependents in a population every 100 working age people must support

Elderly dependency: same thing but for elderly dependents

World dependent categories

High child dependency: high youth dependency(more than 45%) but low elderly dependency(less than 15%). Common in developing countries

Moderate chidl dependency: moderate youth dependency(29-45%) but low elderly dependency (less than 15%). Common in Latin America, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia

Double Dependency: moderate youth dependency(29-45%), high elderly dependency(15% or more). US, France, Australia

High elderly dependency: aging population so low youth dependency(less than 29%) but high elderly dependency(15% or more). In most of Europe, Canada, China

Low overall dependency: working age pop is high so there is a low youth and elderly dependency. Only found in these 4 Arab countries: Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Oman due to an influx of working immigrants.

Why is age dependency ratios flawed?

some countries have people over 65 still working, so this ratio overestimates the pressure on the working class to support the dependents

Generations

groups of people born at around the same time adn share common traits due to societal and cultural infleunces shared growing up

The types of generations

GI gen: before 1924

Silent Gen: 1924-1945

Baby Boomers: 1946-64, born during the massive spike of births post World War II

Gen X(GenXers): 1965-80, more tolerant of religious, ethnic, and cultural differnces, now in prime working years

Millenials(Gen Y): 1981-2000, largest gen in the US, grew up with the internet, socially aware and intersted in sustainability and environmental issues

Sex ratio

number of men to females in a population(naturally 95 girls to 100 males)

If the sex ratio was 125, that means there are 125 men to 100 women

Why might sex ratios be unbalanced?

androcentrism: culture has a preference for males, which can lead to female infanticide

gener selective migration: a place attracts more male workers/settlers

War: kills more young men than women

infanticide

practice of killing infants

Population pyramid

The female and male populations are divided into 5 year age cohorts on the y axix and the sex ratio is plotted on the x-axis

Types of population pyramids

Rapid growth: wide base that tapers off quickly, found in developing countries because there are a lot of births but short lifespans

Slow growth: country’s population growth rate slows; base is narrow but the shape is still a pyramid; birth rate is just barely over the death rate

Stability: the population is stable with a fairly even distribution

Decline: declining population; base is very narrow and it is very top-heavy

How do population pyramids change when you change the scale of analysis?

Local areas have an extremely exaggerated structure because they are usually geared towards one specific demographic.

EX college cities have lots of college level people

Residential area with parks: has lots of families with young children

population composition

what characteristics make up a population(religion, ethnicity, religion, age, gender) that show a place’s past present, and future.SCALE MATTERS

population dynamics

growth and change of the human population on Earth

demographic equation

the method used to caluclate the population of an area based on natural increase and migration over a period of time

Population at the beginning + births + immigrants - deaths - emigrants= population final

Ways to calculate births

Crude birth rate(CBR): number of birhts per year for every 1000 people in the society. Divide number of births by the mid yea population and multiply by 1000. Crude because it includes everyone, even those who can’t bear children

total fertility rate(TFR): average number of children born per women in their reproductive years(15-49)

Types of crude birth rates

low birth rate: 10-20 births per 1000 people

transitional birth rate: 10-20 births per 1000 people, common in developing countries outside of Sub-Saharan Africa

high birth rate: more than 30 births per 1000 people, usually in sub-saharan Africa

replacement level fertility rate

the average number of children that need to be born to replace both parents and stabilize the population over time; TFR 2.1

factors affecting fertility rates

economic development: higher fertility rates in developing copuntries because agriculture is the main form of livelihood and child mortality rate is high so families need more births to have more child labor. Contraceptives are also unabailiable

religion/cultural influences: some religion/scultures support large families or ban artificial birth control. Some cultures have gender roles where women are more feminine and therefore have more kids

education: women more educated and with good careers have less children

politics: some countries implement pro-natal or anti-natal policies

gender roles

culturally specific notions of what it means to be a man or woman

ways to measure deaths

crude death rate(CDR): divide the number of deaths by themid year population and multiply by 1000

infant mortality rate(IMR): how many infants die within their firt year per 1000 live births(average is 31); child mortality rate: deaths of kids under 5 years old

rate of natural increase(RNI)

CBR-CDR/10 shown as a percentage

zero population growth(ZPG)

same number of births and deaths(RNI is zero) because the TFR was perfectly at replacement level of 2.1

doubling time

the number of years it takes for a population to double

calculated using the rule of 70, divide 70 by the RNI

Demographic transition model

a model that conceptualizes how CBR and CDR and the resulinting RNI change over time as countries go through industrialization and urbanization

Stages of the demographic transition model

Stage 1(High Stationary Phase): birth and death rates are both high so there is slow or no population growth

Stage 2(Early Expanding Phase): death rates drop dramatically so the population grows quickly. Example: many sub-saharan african countries

Stage 3(Late Expanding Stage): birth rates decline and converge towards death rates so the RNI decreases. In many developing countires

Stage 4(Low Stationary Phase): birth and death rates both very low so there is an aging population problem. In most developed countries

Stage 5(Natural Decrease Stage): the TFR drops below replacement level and so there is a natural decrease in populatoin. But does not take into account migration. 

Why might the demopgrahic transition model be inaccurate?

It is not accurate for countires with ongoing war, uncontrolled disease, or low income levels

Epidemiology

branch of medicine that studies the distribution, determinants, and control of diseases and health conditions

Epemiological transition theory

seeks to explain how change sin health services and living standards affect patterns of disease

Ages of the epemiological transition theory

Age Pestilence and Famine: periodic outbreaks of deadly infectious or parasitic epedemics of diseases(influenza, pneumonia, diarrhea, smallpox, tubercolosis). High death rates, very low life expectancy. No country is here

Age of Receding Pandemics: rapid decline in death rates because health care is beginning to improve. Life expectancy and population growth increases. Dying of degenerative diseases becomes more common. Sub-saharan africa

Age of Degenerative and Human made Diseases:mortality rates decline and stablize at a low level. Degernative and chronic diseases are very common and usually kill older ages so life expectancy is high. In developed and some developing countires

Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases: improvements in life expectancy and medical tech push back the effects of degenerative diseases. But alzheimers and dementia still are there

Age of Reemerging Infectious and parasitic Diseases: infectious and parasitic diseases increas as they become resistant to antibiotics

Malthusian Catastrophe

the outdated idea that the world’s population wil eventually grow too large and there won’t be enough food to sustain it

Why is the Malthusian Catastrophe Theory false

At the time, he lived through stage 2 so there was an exponentail populationg rowth rate but arithemtic food production growth

However, as countries develop, population growth slows so its not the J curve, like the thought, but logistic growth.

Advancements in technology increased food production rates

Neo malthusians

Still believe in the Malthusian Catastrophe’s underlying ocncept but tweak it so that it’s not just food, but natural resources that will become depleted

Antinatalist policies

wnats to slow population growth by using persuasive or coercive measures. Usually easier to implement in nonelected governmentes because these policies are usually unpopular

China’s “one couple, one child” mandate

1970-2015; coercive, antinatalist policy

China used to have high fertility rates because it valued large families, had multiple generations under one roof, had low standards of living, and had an agriculturally based economy

When the communist party came into power, high birth rates were supported. But when there was rapid growth in the 50s and 60s and the country faced socieconomic challenges, birth control was encouraged, and then the one child mandate was put in place.

Consequences: fertility rate is below replacement level

Unbalanced family structure: 4-2-1 grandparents to parents to child so there is a lot of pressure on children to support their family

Unbalanced sex ratios: androcenrism led couples to kill or abandon their daughrers so there are very few females. Men have less women they can marry then, so there are problems with prostitution and sex crimes

Rapidly aging pop problem

Now parents are allowed to have 2 children but most don’t because it’s too costly and difficult

Egypt’s 2 is enough policy

persuasive, anti-natalist policy

Gives benefits to those with less children to encourage lower fertility rates

India’s forced sterilization

1975-1977 coercive antinatalist, forced tehre sterilizatin of men; hated and caused many riots

Pro natalist policies

Aims to increase fertility rates and reverse population decline

Exampls of pronatalist policies

Increasing chidlcare benefits and the length of maternity level

A holiday/day off of work to get freaky(do it for denmark)

discourage policies that empower women

forbid divorce/abortion

These policies have only moderate effects. The best way to increase population is to encourage immigrants to come. But places like Eastern Europe and Japan don’t like outsiders coming to live there. 

women’s status

degree of equaltiy betwen men and women in terms of access to or control over physical(material goods), and social(knowledge, power, prestige) resources in the fmaily, community, or society

woman empowerment

increased freedom for women to make choices and shape their lives

How women’s status affects fertility

education: more books=less babies. If they ar emore education, they will marry later and have less children because they’re less likely to believe in traditional gender roles. In developing countries, daughters have less education becauses sons are favored and girls are restricted from knowledge for fear of them rising from their submission, and there are arranged marriages between young girls and old men

access to family plannig resources: helps reduce unplanned pregancies, whch decreses TFR

employment/participation in economic activities: if they have a job(not on a farm), it may reduce fertilty because it encourages delayed marriages, reduces ideal family sizes, and increases family planning. In rural areas, families that live on farms will actually have more children to help on the farms

effects of women’s status on mortality

Women’s education level and their access to planning services and healthcare reduces child, infant, and maternal mortality because better educated moms are more likely to know how to healthily take care of their babies. This is shown in developing countries because 99% of maternal deaths happen there as women are less educated

effect of women’s status on migration

Women are more likely to move within a country(rural to urban) and men generally move outside the country to work as migrant workers. However, when women have more rights, they will also move with their huysbands to places where they can get jobs that help make them more confident about themselves

those who oppose the malthus theory

cornucopians

boserup effect

the phenemenon that sees an increase in food production due to new farming methods

aging population

a country/place’s population that ages as the number/proporation of its elderly people increases

how to measure aging populations

Meidna age: the age that divides the population into two halves(one older than that age and one younger). Isn’t affected by outliers like the average age is. 

Proporation of elderly people: elderly over total pop

super aged countries

When the proporation of elderly people is more than 20%

aging in developed vs developing countries

Devlpoed: 15-20% is elderly

Developing: less than 10 percent is elderly.

But both percentages are expected to increase

Graying

the process in which the populations of a country gets older

Are rural or urban population older and why?

Urban because young people leave to cities while old people stay in rural areas. This means farmers are the oldest demographic group in every country

causes for aging populations

low fertility rates: women have careers, lack of paid maternity leave, too expensive, and the straying from trad gender roles

longe rlife expectancy(number of years a person can expect to live)

Age selective migration: young people ar emore likely to go to rural cities; elderly usuallyt retire in places like retirement cities and coastal areas. This difference is most seen on the local scale

Consequences of an aging population

labor shortage

rising elderly dependency ratio(with less taxpayers to support them)

changes the economy: slower economic growth; different goods/services are in demand; less money is spent on nonnecessities as elderly people live on a fixed income

population decline

How to deal with an aging population

Pronatalist policies(not very effective)

Deal with the labor shortage: use robots; work past retirement age; more women in the workforce; more migrant workers

Adapt to an aging population: improve social security net; better healthcare; redesign urban infrastructure(eg longer times to walk across a crosswalk); counter lonliness epidemic(EX italy pays failies to foster old people)

spatial mobility

all forms of geographic movemetnt including everyday commuting

social mobility

change in the social hierarchy; climbing up the social ladder

Migration

long term or permanent relocation of people from one place to another

What are the people who move and stay when migrating called?

movers: migrants

stayers: non-migrants

orgin

a person’s location before migrating

destination

place the migrants are going to

emigraiton/out-migration

the act of a migrant leaving their place of orgin

immigration/in-migrants

the act of a migrant arrive at their destination country

migration stream

flow of migrants from an orgin to a destination

counterstream

flow of all migrants in the direction opposite to a particulate migration stream(goes from a destination to an orgin)

net migration

the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants

net migration rate

shows the impact of migration on population chagne

Calculated by putting NMR over total population *1000

Ravenstein’s laws of migration(11)

1. usually move short distances

2. migration moves in steps. People near a growing town move to it. The places thye leave are migrated to by even more residents. The process continues.

3. long distance migrants usually move to centers of commerce and industry

4. every miration stream has a counterstream

5. urban dwellers migrate less than rural ones do

6. women usually move within the same birth country while men move outside

7. migrants are mostly young adults, not families

8. large towns grow more by migration than RNI

9. migration volume increases over time as industry develops and tranposration improves

10. migraiton moves from agricultural areas to centers of industry

    1. economic factors are the main reason for migration

migraiton age profile

the relatively stable relationship between the odds of migration and age across difference countries(Young adults, and retirement elderly are the ones who move the most)

brain drain vs brain gain

brian drain: when a country loses young, more education, and skilled people through migraiton

brain gain: when the opposite happens and a country gains young, more educated, and skilled people through migration

push/pull theory of migration

2 contrasting foces are at work in migratino decisions

Push factors: negative things about where they live

Pull factors: positive things about other places

intervening opportunities vs obstacles

Opportuinities: a neary attractive locale that migrants may decide to settle at intsead of going ot their intended destination that may be farther away

Obstacle: complications that potential migrants will need to ovecome to reach their destination(ES distance and how costly that is, and the legal environment)

social networks

people’s friends and families

Voluntary migration

migration done willingly

Internation migration

moving across national borders

guest worker

a person with temporary permission to work in another country

transnational migration

when migrants move back and forth between their chome countries and those to which they have migrated to`

international/interregional migration vs intraregional migration

movement from one region to another wihtin the same country(EX rural to urban movement)

movement within the same region(EX movement within the same city)

Examples of interregional migration

Great Migration: the 20th century movement of 6 million AFricna Americans from the rural south to the industrializing cities of the midwestern and northeastern states

rural to urban miration

movemetn from the countryside to cities

residential mobility

movement within a metropolitan area(usually due to a change in residence but not job)