2 - cognition, thinking, and intelligence

ap psychology

concept

mental visual idea; more broad than protoype

prototype

mental organizing groups for concepts

schemas

knowledge based on prior experiences that effect how we percieve

assimilation

new information that alters our schemas

accomadation

information that doesn’t alter of schema

heuristic

mental shortcut

algorithm

steps in how we problem solve in a specific way

representative heuristic

mental short cuts based on stereotypes

availability heuristic

mental shortcut based on past experiences and memories that come to mind

mental set

preparedness to problem solve in certain categories based on pre existing knowledge

priming

recent experiences that alter ways of problem solving instead of past experiences

framing

ability to define context based on surroundings

gamblers fallacy

failure to recognize the independence of chance events

sunk cost fallacy

a person is reluctant to changing their ways as they have invest time, effort, ad money

executive function

frontal lobe functions

creativity

ability to generate new and unique ideas

divergent thinking

expands the number of possible solutions to one problem

convergent thinking

narrows the available problems to the single best solution

functional fixedness

inability to consider a new function for an item

general intelligence

underlies specific mental abilities measured by every tasks on an intelligence test

multiple abilities

intelligence consists of several distinct and independent abilities rather than just one

triarchic intelligence

more than 1 intelligence; analytic, practical, and creative

emotional intelligence

P - perceive emotions

U - understand emotions

M - manage emotions

U - using emotions

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly

intelligence quotient

a score defined as the ratio of mental age to actual age times 100

deviation IQ

IQ score based on how far their performance deviates from the average score of people their age

eugenics

idea that society should have selective reproducing to limit undesirable traits

psychometrics

the science behind measuring mental abilities 

standardization

making a test the same for everyone so scores can be compared

reliability

frequency of scores

test retest reliability

how consistent a test is over time

spilt half reliability

a measure of test internally consistent

validity

tests predicts what it is intended to do so

construct validity

test measures the abstract theoretical idea or skill it is intended to do so

predictive validity

test successfully predict what it is going to say

culture fair test

test assigned to be free of cultural bias

stereotype boost

awareness of a positive stereotype that increases performance on a task

flynn effect

IQ score increase due to a fluid and crystallized intelligence measurement

aptitude test

test that predicts future performance

achievement test

test to see what you know

fixed mindset

stubborn and unwilling to change

growth mindset

willing to adapt to change