Lecture 7 Cellular Respiration 2025

ATP Hydrolysis L&F

Conversion of ATP to ADP occurs in mitochondria and releases energy for cellular functions

Energy Generation L&F

Transfer of energy through complex to simple molecules and vice versa with ATP mediating the process

Major Fuel Catgeores ( 4 of them) Function

Carbohydrates - Broken down into simple sugars

Protiens - Broken into amino acids

Fats - Metabolised into fatty acids

Cellular respiration - Process using foods (glucose), and oxygen to produce water, CO2, and ATP

Insulin L&F

Mediates the process of glucose from the bloodstream to a cell

Glucagon L&F

Breakdown stored glycogen so it can go back into bloodstream and be used

1. Glycolysis L&F

Occurs in cytosol, oconnverts glucose to 2 pyruvate molecules, oit generates a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH, with 2 ATP being invested

( 4 overall ATP produced)

2. Pyruvate Oxidation L&F

Occurs in Mitochondrial matrix, converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA produces 1 NADH per pyruvate (2 per glucose), and 1 CO2

3. Citrid Acid Cycle L&F

Occurs in mitochondrial Matrix, requires oxygen, Produces 2 ATP, 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2FADH2 (per glucose molecule), NADH and FADH2 act as electron donors in the electron transport chain

4. Oxidative Phosphorylation L&F

Occurs across the inner membrane, produces 26-28 ATP per glucose molecule, oxygen serves as final electron acceptor electrons from NADH, and FADH2 move through complex 1, 2, 3, and 4 moving hydrogen ions across the inner membrane creating a gradient, then the hydrogen ions flow through ATP synthase driving the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP

Phosphoforucktokinase L&F

Regulates glycolysis, is inhibited by citrate and ATP (slows glycolysis down or stops it), and is stimulated by AMP( speeds it up)

Type I DIabetes L&F

Body doesn’t produce insulin, often genetic, Beta cells are destroyed

Type II Diabetes L&F

Body produces insulin, but receptors are non functional (insulin resistance)