Apologia Advanced Biology Module 12 Lymphatic

Lymphatic tissue

Groups of lymphocytes and macrophages that provide immune protection

Lymph nodes

Encapsulated masses of lymphatic tissue found along lymph vessels

Lymph

Watery liquid formed from interstitial fluid found in lymph vessels

Edema

A buildup of excess interstitial fluid in the tissues which leads to swelling

Immunological defense

The process by which the body protects itself from pathogenic invaders such as bacteria, fungi, parasites and foreign substances

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Concentrations of lymphatic tissue with out a connective tissue capsule

Lymph nodules

Lymphatic tissue arranged into compact, somewhat spherical structures, but without a capsule.

Innate immunity

An immune response that is the same regardless of the pathogen or toxin encountered

Acquired immuity

An immune response targeted at a specific pathogen or toxin after exposure (specific or adaptive immunity)

Complement

A series of 20 plasma proteins activated by foreign cells or antibodies to those cells. They lyse bacteria, promote phagocytosis, and promote inflammation

Interferon

Proteins secreted by cells infected with a virus. These proteins do not save the infected cell. They stimulate nearby cells to strengthen themselves against a viral infection

Pyrogens

Increases body temperatures by affecting the hypothalamus. "Pyro" means heat or fire.

Humoral immunity

Acquired immunity provided by antibodies in the blood plasma

Cell-mediated immunity

Acquired immunity provided by T lymphocytes.

Fluid balance - fat absorption - immunological defense

Three basic functions of the lymphatic system

Tonsils

Groups of lymph nodules in the throat and on the back of the tongue

Afferent lymph vessel

Carries lymph toward the lymph node

Efferent lymph vessel

Carries lymph away from the lymph node

Test the lymph for foreign invaders - Add lymphocytes to the blood - Filter the lymph with macrophages

Three basic functions of a lymph node

Cleanse blood of foreign invaders - Dispose of worn-out erythrocytes - Be a reservoir of blood

Three functions of the spleen

Site where T lymphocytes mature - Secrete the hormone thymosin which is involved in the development of the immune system.

Two functions of thymus gland

Skin - mucus - urine flow - stomach acid - interferon - natural killer cells

Innate immunity components

T cells, B cells, antibodies

Acquired immunity components

Interstitial fluid

fluid found between cells

Vasodialation

Enlarging of blood vessels resulting in increased blood flow bringing in more complement and makes the capillaries more porous so macrophages can more easily get into the tissue

Constant region

The shaft ot thr "Y" shaped antibody. This region determines the method with which it will fight the antigen.

Variable region

Section of the antibody that determines what antigen it can bind to

Memory B cell

Cells that remember a specific antigen and stimulate a faster and more intense response when that same antigen is presented to the body.

Plasma B cell

A type of white blood cell that release their specific antibodies which then circulate through the body, binding to antigens.

Cytotoxic T cell

Recognize, bind to, and destroy foreign cells or infected cells by puncturing them - may help prevent cancer since they response to modified surface proteins on cancerous cells.

Helper T cells

Activate macrophages, B cells and T cells.

Memory T cells

A part of cell- mediated immunity - long-lived form of a lymphocyte that bear receptors to a specific antigen and that remains circulating in the blood in small numbers for a lifetime.

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

scattered lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells found deep to mucous membranes

Lymph Vessels

Vessels that form the infrastructure of the Lymphatic System. Similar to blood vessels.

Lymphatic System

A system of lymph vessels and lymph tissue that serves three basic functions: fluid balance, fat absorption, and immunological defense. Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.

Lymphocytes

Are the smallest white blood cell. Produce antibodies, which are proteins that are specifically protect against foreign invaders.

Fluid Balance

Balance of fluid volume and solute concentrations between the blood and the interstitium.

Fat Absorption

The lymphatic system absorbs fats from the digestive tract and transports the into the bloodstream.

Lymph Capillaries

Porous lymphatic vessels that start out as dead-end capillaries that move lymph back toward the heart.

Subclavian Veins

The lymph system deposits the lymph right back into the bloodstream through the one of these veins.

Elephantiasis

A tropical disease that makes the legs swell and become thick and huge because of Edema. A tropical parasite enters the lymph fluid and blocks the flow of lymph.

Lacteals

Lymph capillaries inside the villi that collect fats that are absorbed by the small intestine during the digestive process.

Chyle

Once the lymph capillaries absorb fat, the fluid inside takes on a milky-white color. At that point, the liquid is no longer called lymph,, but instead is called chyle.

Spleen

An organ that is part of the lymphatic system; it produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells.

Tonsillitus

A condition where the tonsils get infected, become inflamed and are abnormally large.

Tonsillectomy

The removal of the tonsils when the condition tonsillitis is chronic.

Peyer's Patches

Groups of lymph nodules found on the wall of the small intestine. Groups of lymphocytes in lymph nodes that are in the last third of the small intestine and in the vermiform appendix. They prevent the friendly bacteria that inhabit the large intestine from stirring up troubled in the small intestine.

Trabeculae

Extensions of this capsule which make up the "skeleton" of the node.

Reticular Fibers

Extend from the trabeculae, forming a net of connective tissue throughout the lymph node.

Germinal Centers

Sites on the lymph nodes where rapid mitosis of lymphocytes can take place in response to a foreign invader found in the lymph.

Red Pulp

Is made up of specialized veins with reticular fibers. These veins receive blood that was in the capillaries of the spleen.

White Pulp

Is composed of diffuse lymphatic tissue and lymph nodules. It surrounds that arteries that enter the spleen.

Thymus Gland

Produces the hormone Thymosin, which is involved in the development of the immune system.

Immune System

A system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response.

Pathogenic Bacteria

Bacteria that give you sinus infections, infected cuts, and so forth.

Pathogenic Fungi

The most common example of this fungi are the single-celled fungi that are commonly called yeast. Can cause athlete's foot or thrush on the tongue.

Parasites

pinworms, roundworms, and tapeworms.

Viruses

Contain DNA or RNA, a protein coat ("capsid"), and multiply in host cells using host proteins/organelles; cause synthesis of structures that assist their dispersal.

Cancers

Are our own cells that have been genetically damaged and can no longer control their functions. Instead they perform uncontrolled mitosis. This causes tumors.

Toxins

Are chemicals that are neither cells nor viruses. They are harmful chemicals that are foreign to the body.

Nonspecific Immunity

Another name for Innate Immunity.

Specific Immunity

Another name for Acquired Immunity.

Lysozyme

This enzyme breaks down the cell walls of many bacteria. Tears contain an enzyme.

Pinkeye

Conjunctivitis. This bacteria can withstand the Lysozyme. Conjunctivitis can be also caused by a virus.

Cervical Mucus

Is a non-defense against infection of the female reproductive system.

White Blood Cells

Blood cells that perform defensive functions in blood.

Natural Killer Cells

Are lymphocytes that attack tumor cells and virus-infected cells.

Inflammation

Body's local response to injury or infection.

Mast Cells

Are found deep in the skin, release histamines. Similar to Basophils. Cause inflammation.

Local

Inflammation that happens when infections are being fought in one part of the body.

Systemic

Inflammation that occurs all over the body. All parts of your body is affected when you get sick.

Variable Regions

Are the point at which the antibody binds to the antigen.

Antigen Binding Sites

Y shaped arrangement - ends of the forks formed by light and heavy chains contain a wide range of variable.

Antibodies

Fight antigens in these ways -

Primary

Response when the body is first introduced to a pathogen.

Secondary

Response where the memory B cells will produce antibodies if a pathogen infects the body again.

Major Histocompatilibity Complex (MHC)

A collection of about 20 specific glycoproteins (protein-carbohydrate complexes) that exist on the cell membrane of every cell in your body. (MHC)

T Lymphocytes

Originate in the red bone marrow, but mature in the thymus gland. Form in the Thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances (white blood cell).

Effector T Cells

These cells protect the body by attacking and destroying body cells infected with bacteria or viruses

Delayed Hypersensitivity T Cell

A type effector T cell that respond to antigens by releasing chemicals that cause inflammation - Activates macrophages through chemotaxis

Active Natural

Natural exposure to an antigen. Acquired Immunity.

Active Artificial

This is the immunity that receive for a vaccine.

Passive Natural

Immunity acquired by the transfer of antibodies from mother to baby.

Autoimmunity

Immune disorder where immune system attacks and damages some part of the body (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, graves disease).

Skin

Provides a barrier against infection.

Sweat Glands

Washes the skin and lower the pH.

Sebaceous Glands

Glands that secrete oils which contain antibacterial agents

Mucus

Secreted by the sinuses and trachea - traps foreign materials.

Gastric Juice

Kills pathogens in the stomach.

Tears

Contain lysozyme, which kills foreign cells.

Urine

Washes out the urinary tract.

Symbiotic Organisms

Organisms that "squeeze out" populations of pathogens and secrete lactic acid.

Basophils

White blood cell that promotes inflammation.

Eosinophils

Reduce inflammation to keep it in check.