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What leads to respiratory acidosis?
A.increasing secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate
B.hypoventilation
C.hyperventilation
D.increasing reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the filtrate
B.hypoventilation
Which of the following is NOT a compensation for respiratory acidosis?
A.The kidney tubule cells will increase secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate.
B.The kidney tubule cells will produce new bicarbonate ions from glutamine.
C.The kidney tubule cells will increase reabsorption of calcium ions from the filtrate.
D.The kidney tubule cells will increase reabsorption of bicarbonate ions from the filtrate.
C.The kidney tubule cells will increase reabsorption of calcium ions from the filtrate.
What maintains the potassium ion concentration in the cytosol of cells?
A.Na+/K+ pump
B.diffusion
C.osmosis
D.endocytosis
A.Na+/K+ pump
What ion concentration is linked to calcium ion concentration and regulated by vitamin D3 (calcitriol)?
A.fluorine ions
B.phosphate ions
C.sodium ions
D.potassium ions
B.phosphate ions
Water loss from the body that we do not notice is known as:
A.sensible water loss.
B.nonsense water loss.
C.obligatory water loss.
D.insensible water loss.
D.insensible water loss.
Select the statement that best describes an acid.
A.An acid is a chemical that dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion (H+).
B.An acid is a substance that generally has covalent bonds that do not dissociate into charged particles in water.
C.An acid is a chemical that accepts a hydrogen ion (H+) in a solution.
D.An acid is a chemical that dissociates to release equal amounts of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-).
A.An acid is a chemical that dissociates in water to release a hydrogen ion (H+).
Hydrogen ion secretion is coupled with:
A.bicarbonate ion reabsorption.
B.calcium ion secretion.
C.phosphate reabsorption.
D.a resulting decrease in blood pH.
A.bicarbonate ion reabsorption.
Determine the product formed when hydrogen ions from a strong acid are accepted by the bicarbonate ion.
A.sodium bicarbonate
B.sodium hydroxide
C.carbonic acid
D.hydrochloric acid
C.carbonic acid
What leads to metabolic alkalosis?
A.prolonged vomiting and the loss of acidic stomach contents
B.diabetic ketoacidosis in which excess acids are produced
C.prolonged diarrhea in which bicarbonate ions are lost in the feces
D.visiting a high altitude location
A.prolonged vomiting and the loss of acidic stomach contents
Which condition is usually due to hyperparathyroidism?
A.hypernatremia
B.hypercalcemia
C.hyperglycemia
D.hyperkalemia
B.hypercalcemia
The following has been determined from an arterial blood gas (ABG) sample: an elevated blood pH and an elevated bicarbonate ion level. Determine the acid-base imbalance.
A.respiratory alkalosis
B.respiratory acidosis
C.metabolic acidosis
D.metabolic alkalosis
D.metabolic alkalosis
In what direction will water move when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma?
A.Water is pulled of the cytosol and into the interstitial fluid and then plasma.
B.Water is pushed out of the cytosol into the interstitial fluid and then plasma.
C.There is no net movement of water when hypotonic fluids are present in the plasma.
D.Water is pulled from the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell.
D.Water is pulled from the interstitial fluid and plasma into the cell.
Together, which ions form hydroxyapatite crystals of osseous tissue?
A.sodium and potassium ions
B.calcium and phosphate ions
C.sodium and chlorine ions
D.potassium and magnesium ions
B.calcium and phosphate ions
What is the main component of all body fluids?
A.collagen
B.electrolytes
C.blood
D.water
D.water
Through what two systems is carbon dioxide eliminated from the body?
A.respiratory and urinary systems
B.cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
C.integumentary and skeletal systems
D.digestive and urinary systems
A.respiratory and urinary systems
What is the most potent stimulus of the thirst mechanism?
A.osmolarity of the ECF
B.increased plasma volume
C.increased blood pressure
D.atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
A.osmolarity of the ECF
Which system is responsible for the most common route of water loss from the body?
A.urinary system
B.respiratory system
C.integumentary system
D.digestive system
A.urinary system
Which hormone influences the concentration of hydrogen ions in the filtrate formed by the kidneys?
A.parathyroid hormone
B.atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
C.vitamin D3 (calcitonin)
D.aldosterone
D.aldosterone
Which of the following is an excess accumulation of interstitial fluid?
A.edema
B.dehydration
C.hypovolemia
D.hypocalcemia
A.edema
Digoxin is a drug that leads to increases in potassium ion concentration in the interstitial fluid. Determine the condition that results from digoxin toxicity.
A.hyperkalemia
B.hypernatremia
C.hyperglycemia
D.hypercalcemia
A.hyperkalemia
When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels rise, less water is reabsorbed via the kidneys, the ECF volume decreases, and urine production increases.
A.True
B.False
B.False
Plasma has much higher protein content than interstitial fluid.
A.True
B.False
A.True
The normal hydrogen ion concentration of body fluids is equal to a pH range of about 7.35-7.45.
A.True
B.False
A.True
Sensible water loss includes water lost through feces and urine while insensible water loss includes water lost through sweating and evaporation.
A.True
B.False
A.True
The human body stores more fluids in the extracellular compartment than in the intracellular compartment.
A.True
B.False
B.False
The most important chemical buffer system in the blood is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffer system, which consists of the weak acid carbonic acid and its weak conjugate base, the bicarbonate ion.
A.True
B.False
A.True
Suppressed ventilation from brainstem dysfunction leads to a pH imbalance known as metabolic acidosis.
A.True
B.False
B.False
Metabolic water (or water of oxidation) amounts to a total gain of about 250 ml of water per day.
A.True
B.False
A.True
An elevated sodium ion concentration is known as:
A.hypercalcemia.
B.hypoglycemia.
C.hypernatremia.
D.hypokalemia.
C.hypernatremia.
Which of the following accounts for about 60% of our total body water?
A.cytosol
B.interstitial fluid
C.extracellular fluid
D.plasma
A.cytosol
What is most abundant intracellular cation?
A.sodium ion
B.potassium ion
C.bicarbonate ion
D.chlorine ion
B.potassium ion
Determine the pH value that represents a basic, or alkaline, solution.
A.pH of 4
B.pH of 7
C.pH of 10
D.pH of 1
C.pH of 10
Predict the effect of hypertonic fluid on a cell.
A.Hypertonic fluids cause water to be pulled into the cytosol and the cell swells.
B.Hypertonic fluids cause no water movement into or out of the cell.
C.Hypertonic fluids cause water to move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks.
D.Hypertonic fluids cause water to simultaneously be pulled into and then pushed out of a cell.
C.Hypertonic fluids cause water to move out of the cytosol and the cell shrinks.
A patient with heart failure is administered an intravenous line containing a solution of hypertonic sodium chloride. Select the patient for whom this solution an appropriate choice.
A.The patient who is dehydrated.
B.The patient who is experiencing hypovolemia.
C.The patient who produces too little antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
D.The patient who is experiencing overhydration, or hypotonic hydration.
D.The patient who is experiencing overhydration, or hypotonic hydration.
Which type of extracellular fluid (ECF) solution will cause a cell to gain water?
A.isotonic
B.hypotonic
C.hypertonic
D.both hypertonic and isotonic
B.hypotonic
Which ions are critical for the activation of some enzymes?
A.magnesium ions
B.potassium ions
C.chlorine ions
D.fluorine ions
A.magnesium ions
Which of the following fluids has the greatest concentration of potassium ions?
A.plasma
B.extracellular fluid (ECF)
C.interstitial fluid
D.cytosol
D.cytosol
Which of the following dissociates into ions when placed in water?
A.electrolyte
B.starch
C.glucose
D.nonelectrolyte
A.electrolyte
What statement does NOT describe the methods by which chemical buffer systems operate to maintain pH?
A.When a strong base is added to a solution, the buffer system's weak acid releases its hydrogen ions to bind the base ions.
B.When a strong acid is added to a solution, the weak base of the buffer system binds the released hydrogen ions and removes them from solution.
C.Buffer systems consist of a weak acid and its conjugate weak base which function to resist large swings in pH.
D.All excess hydrogen ions are removed from the body in the urine.
D.All excess hydrogen ions are removed from the body in the urine.
Decreased volume and increased concentration of the extracellular fluid (ECF) is defined as:
A.hypotonic hydration.
B.edema.
C.overhydration.
D.dehydration.
D.dehydration.
What effect does an increase in antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on the volume of extracellular fluid (ECF)?
A.ECF increases initially, and then decreases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present.
B.ECF increases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present.
C.Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) has no effect on ECF.
D.ECF decreases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present.
B.ECF increases when antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present.
The average young adult human male body contains about ________ liters of total body water.
A.25
B.65
C.42
D.78
C.42
Which hormone has NO role in potassium ion regulation?
A.epinephrine
B.aldosterone
C.insulin
D.parathyroid hormone (PTH)
D.parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Why are chlorine ions important?
A.Chlorine ions are critical for hematopoiesis.
B.Chlorine ions are a major component of collagen fibers.
C.Chlorine ions are a major component of bone tissues.
D.Chlorine ions are involved in the production of stomach acids.
D.Chlorine ions are involved in the production of stomach acids.
Angiotensin-II restores fluid-homeostasis when dehydration occurs due to inadequate fluid intake. Which of the following is NOT an effect of angiotensin-II?
A.stimulation of aldosterone secretion
B.increase sodium ion reabsorption
C.vasodilation
D.stimulation of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion
C.vasodilation
Identify the role of the urinary system in acid-base balance.
1. The kidneys can secrete bicarbonate ions when the pH of the blood rises.
2. The kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by excreting fixed acids that the lungs cannot
excrete.
3. The kidneys can manufacture new bicarbonate ions when the pH of the blood falls.
4. The kidneys contribute to acid-base balance by controlling the concentration of bicarbonate ions
in the blood.
A.1, 2, 3, 4
B.1, 2, 3, but not 4
C.1, 3, 4, but not 2
D.2, 3, 4, but not 1
A.1, 2, 3, 4
Fluid balance in the human body is roughly equivalent to:
A.pH balance.
B.water balance.
C.nonelectrolyte balance.
D.acid-base balance.
B.water balance.
Determine which of the following conditions will benefit from the administration of moderate amounts of hypotonic fluids.
A.water toxicity
B.overhydration
C.hypotonic hydration
D.dehydration
D.dehydration
What part of the brain controls the thirst mechanism?
A.hypothalamus
B.cerebellum
C.medulla oblongata
D.pons
A.hypothalamus
Sarah was so upset and nervous that a snake was in her house that she began hyperventilating. Predict the acid-base imbalance created by her psychological state.
A.respiratory acidosis
B.respiratory alkalosis
C.metabolic acidosis
D.metabolic alkalosis
B.respiratory alkalosis
Hyperventilation is the compensation for an acid-base imbalance known as:
A.metabolic alkalosis.
B.metabolic acidosis.
C.respiratory acidosis.
D.respiratory alkalosis.
B.metabolic acidosis.
Mrs. Frykholm is experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis, which causes metabolic acidosis. She has experienced damage to her kidneys from diabetes mellitus. Predict how her body compensates to return her blood pH to normal.
A.The kidney tubule cells will decrease bicarbonate ion reabsorption.
B.The kidney tubule cells will decrease hydrogen ion secretion into the filtrate.
C.Hypoventilation.
D.Hyperventilation.
D.Hyperventilation.
The pH of the blood primarily depends upon a normal concentration of:
A.magnesium ions.
B.sodium ions.
C.hydrogen ions.
D.calcium ions.
C.hydrogen ions.
Hypoventilation is the cause of an acid-base imbalance known as:
A.respiratory acidosis.
B.respiratory alkalosis.
C.metabolic acidosis.
D.metabolic alkalosis.
A.respiratory acidosis.
Identify the hormones responsible for increasing sodium ion retention.
A.aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B.vitamin D3 (calcitriol) and parathyroid hormone (PTH)
C.angiotensin-II and aldosterone
D.angiotensin-II and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
C.angiotensin-II and aldosterone
How much water does the average person lose per day?
A.1.5 liters
B.5 liters
C.2.5 liters
D.1 liter
C.2.5 liters
Select the blood pH that represents acidosis.
A.7.37
B.7.58
C.7.42
D.7.24
D.7.24
What is the most abundant extracellular cation?
A.potassium ion
B.chlorine ion
C.magnesium ion
D.sodium ion
D.sodium ion
Where are the majority of calcium ions stored in the body?
A.osseous tissue
B.intracellular fluid
C.extracellular fluid
D.loose connective tissue
A.osseous tissue
A patient has been experiencing prolonged vomiting. Since she has lost many hydrogen ions, you predict her acid-base imbalance to be:
A.respiratory acidosis.
B.respiratory alkalosis.
C.metabolic acidosis.
D.metabolic alkalosis.
D.metabolic alkalosis.
What type of neuron detects changes in plasma osmolarity?
A.osmoreceptor
B.nociceptor
C.baroreceptor
D.chemoreceptor
A.osmoreceptor
When fewer hydrogen ions are secreted into the filtrate, how is blood pH affected?
A.Blood pH decreases.
B.Blood pH is not affected by hydrogen ions.
C.Blood pH increases.
D.Blood pH alternately increases and decreases.
A.Blood pH decreases.
What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
A.increasing potassium ion concentration of the blood
B.decreasing sodium ion concentration of the blood
C.increasing calcium ion concentration of the blood
D.decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood
D.decreasing calcium ion concentration of the blood
Classify sodium balance in the human body.
A.fluid balance
B.pH balance
C.electrolyte balance
D.acid-base balance
C.electrolyte balance
Which hormone promotes the reabsorption of water from the kidneys back into the ECF by osmosis?
A.aldosterone
B.atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
C.angiotensin-II
D.antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
D.antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
The following represents the main locations fluids are found in the human body. Rank these body fluids in order from the fluid that accounts for most in the human body to the fluid that accounts for the least.
A.interstitial fluid, cytosol (intracellular fluid), plasma
B.cytosol (intracellular fluid), plasma, interstitial fluid
C.cytosol (intracellular fluid), interstitial fluid, plasma
D.plasma, cytosol (intracellular fluid), interstitial fluid
C.cytosol (intracellular fluid), interstitial fluid, plasma
What is a major function of potassium ions in the body?
A.maintaining osmotic pressure in the extracellular fluid (ECF)
B.forming hydroxyapatite salts in osseous tissue
C.repolarization of neurons and muscle cells after action potential
D.activating enzymes
C.repolarization of neurons and muscle cells after action potential
For which imbalance is the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) appropriate?
A.metabolic alkalosis
B.pH imbalance
C.acid-base imbalance
D.fluid and electrolyte imbalance
D.fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Water obeys the principle of mass balance—in other words, what is gained by the body must equal what is lost by the body.
A.True
B.False
A.True
Calcium ions have important functions in the body such as forming an integral part of the ATP molecule.
A.True
B.False
B.False
Aldosterone triggers the secretion of potassium ions (and hydrogen ions) and the reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidney.
A.True
B.False
A.True
The osmotic pressure gradient, or the force of solutes in a solution, tends to push water away from the solution with the higher osmotic pressure, or the more concentrated solution, by osmosis.
A.True
B.False
B.False
What is the most common cause for hypernatremia?
A.hypotonic hydration
B.water toxicity
C.edema
D.dehydration
D.dehydration
How much urine is lost through obligatory water loss each day?
A.2500 ml
B.5000 ml
C.500 ml
D.1500 ml
C.500 ml
Determine the effect of hypocalcemia on the heart.
A.As a result of hypocalcemia, heart contractions are weaker.
B.As a result of hypocalcemia, heart contractions are shorter.
C.As a result of hypocalcemia, the plateau phase of the cardiac muscle cell action potential is lengthened.
D.The heart is not affected by hypocalcemia.
C.As a result of hypocalcemia, the plateau phase of the cardiac muscle cell action potential is lengthened.
The following has been determined from an arterial blood gas (ABG) sample: elevated arterial PCO2 level and a low blood pH. Determine the acid-base imbalance.
A.metabolic acidosis
B.metabolic alkalosis
C.respiratory alkalosis
D.respiratory acidosis
D.respiratory acidosis
What condition accompanies overhydration, or hypotonic hydration?
A.hypoglycemia
B.hyperglycemia
C.hypercalcemia
D.hyponatremia
D.hyponatremia
What best describes hydrostatic pressure?
A.Hydrostatic pressure is the force that proteins exert in solution.
B.Hydrostatic pressure is created by the number of proteins present in solution.
C.Hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert against the capillary wall.
D.Hydrostatic pressure is created by the number of solute particles present in solution.
C.Hydrostatic pressure is the force that fluids exert against the capillary wall.
Determine the effect of hypokalemia on resting membrane potential.
A.Hypokalemia has no effect on resting membrane potential.
B.Hypokalemia causes the membrane potential to become depolarized.
C.Hypokalemia causes the membrane potential to become hyperpolarized.
D.Hypokalemia promotes a more positive resting membrane potential.
C.Hypokalemia causes the membrane potential to become hyperpolarized.
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