History Final

What was another name for the election of 1824

The corrupt bargain

What happened during the election of 1824

• Andrew Jackson wins the popular vote but doesn’t win the majority of electoral college votes

• The House of Representatives chooses the President because there is no clear majority of electoral college votes

• Henry Clay (speaker of the house) drops out of the race for president and throws support behind John Quincy Adams

• Andrew Jackson thinks this is a corrupt bargain

What happens as a result of the election of 1824

• Andrew Jackson leaves the Democratic-Republican party

• John Quincy Adams (republican)

• Andrew Jackson (democratic)

• John Quincy Adams becomes president

Who was involved in the Panic of 1837

banks, china, andrew jackson, martin van buren, lewis tappan, investors, merchants, business owners

What was the Panic of 1837

• 1832- Andrew Jackson abolished the Second BUS

• Many smaller banks (wild cat banks) roam free and print a bunch of money

• Land speculators borrow money from banks to purchase newly available land (due to Indian Removal Act)

• 1836 - Jackson issues (specie Circular) - land must be bought in gold and silver

• Banks refuse to honor specie circular and take paper money instead of gold and silver

• People try to cash in paper money but banks close their doors because they don’t have enough money go give out

• Banks begin to fail, unemployment rates reached an all time high, evictions

Why was the Panic of 1837 signifigant?

• lasting effects on the American economy

• Long-lasting economic crisis

• Spread to other countries (China)

• Influenced credit ratings

• No centralized banking system could be dangerous!

1803 Map : Louisiana Purchase

• Doubled the size of the United States

• Opened the west for settlement

• Lewis and Clark Expedition

  • Sent by President Thomas Jefferson to plot out the land

  • Scientific record of plant life, animal life and geography

  • Establishing contact with Native American tribes

  • Steak claims on the land (before Britain and Spain)

  • Treated women and black people as equals

Who was Stephen Austin

• “Father of Texas”

• Empresario

• Land Grant Agent

• Brought 300 families from the US to colonize the region

What is an empresario

a person who was given the right to settle on land in exchange for recruiting people and taking responsibility for them

What was Mexico’s contract with Stephen Austin (summarize)

• Be catholic and have good morals

• No criminals or men of bad conduct

• Establish a national militia with the colonists

• Once 100 families are in one spot, commissioners will help them make it into a town

• Government communications and writing must be in Spanish and Spanish schools must be established

• Towns must have churches

Why did Texas revolt from Mexico

• More Americans in Texas than Mexicans

• Americans weren’t following the rules

  • Pledge loyalty to Mexico … Loyal to the US

  • Convert to Catholicism … they were mostly Protestant

  • No slavery … they were bringing slaves

Why did the US reject Texas from joining the Union

• wanted to keep a good relationship with Mexico

• Mexico might try to invade the US if Texas became a part of the US

• Antagonize Mexico?

• Free vs. Slave States

  • Texas would go in as a slave state and make it unequal (Missouri Compromise)

Texas Timeline

• 1836 - free and rejected from the Union

• 1845 - US annexed the Republic of Texas

• 1861 - Texas secedes from the Union

What is the Homestead Act

• You get 160 acres of land out west

• You have to live on the land for 5 years and improve/live on the land

• After 5 years you could apply to get a clear title to it

• 40% succeeded

Who was opposed to the Homestead Act and why

• Owners of factors in the east

  • Thought their workforce would bleed into the west and become farmers

• Powerful slave owners/farmers

  • They didn’t want people to move because they didn’t want smaller farmers to have this much land

What is American Progress by John Gast

• People and animals travelling in herds, portraying the mass movement of people westward and the previously owned Native Land

• There are trains, ships, wagons and horses. Different types of advancement between groups of people. More advanced technology on the right (east)

• She is bringing education with her book and religion to the west

• Darker side because it is unexplored

• Moving westward

• Manifest Destiny was a mass movement westward influenced by God. Many different types of people were travelling

What was the Gold Rush

• James Marshall found gold in California

• People eventually immigrated to California to find gold and get rich

• They didn’t find anything

Who came to participate in the Gold Rush

• lawyers

• doctors

• merchants

• mechanics

• clergymen

• farmers

What was the Texas Revolution

• Texans vs. Mexicans

• 1835-1836

• Battle of the Alamo

  • Big loss for Texas

• Battle of San Jacinto

  • Big win — TEXAS WINS

What is Lincoln’s Spot Resolution

• Abraham Lincoln of Congress asks President Polk to tell Congress exactly where this blood of the American people was shed (was it shed on actual American soil)

What were the results of the Spot Resolution

• Abraham Lincoln was called the “Benedict Arnold of our district”

• The Whig Party did not renominate him

What was the causes of the Mexican-American war?

• Dispute over the Southern border of Texas

  • Mexico thinks its Nueces River

  • US thinks its Rio Grande River

• US attempted to negotiate but Mexico refused

• Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande River and attacked US troops, killing/injuring 16 of them

What did President Polk do during the Mexican American war?

• Sent General Zachary Taylor to occupy the disputed area between the rivers

• Polk begins to plan a war message to Congress

• “Mexico invaded our territory and shed American blood on American soil”

What are some questions Abraham Lincoln had for President Polk

• On old Spanish maps who did this territory belong to?

• Did Mexico take this territory from Spain?

• Do the people living there consider themselves Americans or Mexicans?

• Did the people in this settlement always live there or were they displaced by the US military?

• Where was this spot located and was it previously within the territory of Spain? Was it within the borders of the US?

• Are the people living there actually US citizens and abiding by US laws?

• Were the people that were injured/killed soldiers ordered to fight by the army?

What happened during the Mexican American war?

• Mexicans had finished a revolution not too long ago so they didn’t have a strong military

• America used a bunch of military tactics, the navy, and the army

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• American Victory to end the Mexican American war

• Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the US and the Mexican Republic

What was the Kansas Nebraska Act

• granted popular sovereignty to the regions of Kansas and Nebraska to determine if they were a free or slave state

Who is Frederick Douglass?

• Radical abolitionist

• Born into slavery and was eventually escaped

• Attended some meetings of the American Anti-Slavery Society

• Minister of American Methodist Church in NYC

• The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass biography

• Fought in the Civil War

• Didn’t know basic information about himself when he was a slave

What was the Compromise of 1850

• Attempts to resolve disputes over slavery

• California entered into the Union as a free state (N)

• Fugitive Act is passed (S)

• Slave Trade abolished (N)

• Border dispute in Texas resolved

• New Mexico and Utah territories are given popular sovereignty to determine whether or not they are slave or free states

What is the Fugitive Slave Act/Law?

• If a slave runs away to a different state they need to be returned but this wasn’t well enforced

• Fines and criminal fines for not returning the slave back to the Southerner

What were the effects of the Fugitive Slave Act/Law?

North

• the north was very angry

• committees to protect fugitive slaves were founded

• Northern states passed personal liberty laws

  • banned housing slaves in state prisons

  • allowed trials

  • slave hunters present evidence that the person was a slave

Who is Nat Turner and what is his rebellion?

• Nat Turner was a slave who escaped and returned and got signs from God (blood on corn, men in forest)

• Waited for a sign from God then gathered 6 men and killed his master and his family (Travis family)

• They went from house to house slaying all of the families they encountered

• Gathered 40 people throughout

• They were eventually captured, Turner escaped but was caught again

• Slave codes were passed (more restricted)

Who was Harriet Beecher Stowe

• White wealthy woman

• Death of her son made her empathetic for slaves

• Authored Uncle Tom’s Cabin (2nd best-selling book in 19th century)

• Credited for laying the groundwork for the Civil War

• Showed the true horrors of slavery in the south for the first time in literature

What was the Dred Scott Case

• Dred Scott was with his slave owner and went into Minnesota

• He eventually moved back to Missouri and started a family

• After the slave owner died, the wife was going to sell the children of Dred Scott

• Dred Scott tried to sue for his freedom and it went to the Supreme Court

• Chief Justice Taney ruled that “a black man has no rights that a white man is bound to respect”

• Dred Scott did not win his case

What is Harper’s Ferry

• John Brown and his sons rented a farm in Maryland to organize an Army of abolitionists

• On October 16, 1859, they stole bridges and arsenals in Harper’s Ferry Virginia

• They captured two slaveowners and freed those slaves

• Militia men free those captured by John Brown and forced John Brown and his men to surrender

• 16 people were captured and a few and John Brown were executed

What was the American Colonization Society

• Group of white males that wanted to send freed slaves back to Africa

What was the caning of Charles Sumner

• Preston Brooks (House of Representatives) beat Senator Charles Sumner with the metal part of his cane

• Sumner was talking about the way that Kansas should be admitted into the Union and insulted pro-slavery Senators

• They became heroes in their respective regions

What is General Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign and March to the Sea

• General Sherman captures Atlanta

  • Ammunition factories

  • Boosts Union morale

• Marches to Savannah to the Sea

  • Uses total war and destroys infrastructure

  • Sherman’s Bowtie of railroads

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln won

What are border states and what are examples of them

• border states are states that are a part of the Union but border the Confederacy

• Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware

Fort Sumter (April 1861)

• Lincoln did not want to fight with the Confederacy

  • He sent humanitarian aid NOT ARMS to the soldiers in Fort Sumter

  • Notified the Confederacy of his actions

• Union government refuses to surrender the Fort

• Confederate bombardment

• Union US Major Anderson realized that there was not enough provisions so he surrendered

• Union has lost entire control of Confederacy

What was the aftermath of Fort Sumter?

North

• Lincoln calls for a quota

  • Overwhelming response

  • Glory and elevated status and paid for work

South

• More states seceded

  • Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, Arkansas

What is the Union’s war plan called and what does it entail?

• Anaconda Plan

• Blockade Southern ports

• Split the Confederacy in 2 → gain control of the Mississippi River

• Capture Richmond, Virginia

  • Make it difficult for communication and organization

  • Capital of the Confederacy

What was the South’s war plan

• defend, stay alive, don’t fall to the Union

What is the Emancipation Proclamation and what did it do?

• Lincoln addressed that any slaves in the Confederacy are now free

• Opportunity for the freed slaves to work for the Union army and be paid

• Added support

What is the Surrender at the Appomattox Courthouse

• April 9, 1865 → President Lincoln assassinated 5 days later

• General Lee surrenders to General Grant

• General Grant let's Lee and Confederate leaders keep their horses and ceremonial swords

  • Let’s them keep their dignity

What is reconstruction

• the period that the US began to rebuild after the Civil War and readmit the Confederate states

Andrew Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction Plan

• leniency (he is a southerner from Tennessee)

• Pardon all southerners except Confederate leaders and planters

• Allows southern states autonomy to create new governments

• Land the federal government controls in each state goes back to the states (southern states then pass Black Codes)

• Oath with exceptions —> Slaves

• White southerners supported

Congress’ Congressional Reconstruction Plan

• Authored by radical republicans

• no leniency, retaliation

• citizenship and right to vote for Black Americans

• Military oversight in the Southern State

• radical and moderate republicans supported (Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens)

What is the Reconstruction Act of 1867

• a success of Congressional Reconstruction

  • Did NOT recognize state governments recognized by Lincoln and Johnson

  • Divided Confederate region into 5 military districts with Union generals

• Readmission Conditions

  • African Americans given the right to vote

  • 14th Amendment must be ratified

• President Johnson vetoes —> Congress overrides

What is the Enforcement Act of 1870

• Issue: expected that Confederate states would not obey Reconstruction laws

• Gave the federal government more power

  • To punish those who tried to prevent African Americans from exercising their new rights

Compromise of 1877

• Electoral Commission gave disputed electoral votes to Hayes, making him president

• Democrats agreed under the terms that Republicans would:

  • withdraw federal troops from the South

  • one southern democrat in the cabinet

  • full autonomy and end reconstruction

What is the 13th Amendment

• abolishes slavery

• slavery allowed for punishment for a crime

• Congress enforces

What is the 14th Amendment

• Anyone born in the US or immigrated legally is a citizen of the US and the state in which they reside

• Representatives are determined by the population of the state

• Women can’t vote

• Former confederates aren’t allowed to serve in any form of governmental office

What is the 15th Amendment

• can’t discriminate rights based on race or previously a slave

• Congress enforces

What does the KKK do and where was it formed?

• formed in Tennessee in 1866

• terrorize Blacks and prominent white Republicans

• marches, burning crosses, hanging people on trees on main roads, lynching

What is Plessy v. Ferguson

• Black americans could be kept separately from White americans if the separate spaces were equal

• Homer Plessy (looks White, 1/8 black) goes on White train car, (hoping to get arrested and plans his arrest)

  • Separate Train Car Act

• On the grounds of the 13th and 14th amendment

• Ferguson won

  • Separate but equal

  • There is no problem having separate spaces for the races as long as they were equal

    • Everyone knew the spaces were unequal

• Legalized segregation, considered the start of the Jim Crow era

What is the Great Migration

• 1916-1970

• 6 million African Americans moved out of the rural South to the Northeast, Midwest, and West

• Violence towards them, disadvantages, lack of jobs and increase in technology

What are Literacy Tests

• the Supreme Court allows states to pass laws to undermine the 13th, 14th, 15th amendment —> literacy tests

  • You have to prove a 5th grade education or take a literacy test

  • Singles out Blacks

• Purposefully made to be confusing and fail easily

De Facto Segregation

• segregation that happens by FACT NOT LAW

  • Lynching

    • ~4000 African Americans killed in lynching’s from 1877-1950

De Jure Segregation

• segregation that happens by LAW NOT FACT

  • poll taxes

  • literacy tests

Who is Dwight D. Eisenhower

• President of the US

• Supported the Little Rock Nine

• Used the National Guard to protect the students from protests

• Negotiated with the governor of Arkansas to help the students

What is Brown v. Board of Education

• Topeka, Kansas —> 1950s

• How can separate really be equal?

• “Separate but equal” was deemed unconstitutional unanimously

• The south didn’t want integrated schools because they didn’t want the races to know each other, date each other then marry interracially

• overturned Plessy V. Ferguson

• Chief Justice Earl Warren

  • unconstitutional

  • damaging psychological effects on Black children

  • May affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone

What are the freedom rides

1961

Black and White Civil Rights Activists take bus trips into the South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals

• faced with violence

• May 1961 - Early Freedom rides

  • KKK attempts to destroy busses with people inside of them

  • Riders are arrested

• Washington DC —> New Orleans

  • Organized by CORE

    • James Farmer

  • SNCC brought new riders

Who is MLK?

• prominent leader for Civil Rights

• participated in many protests (sit-ins, bus boycotts, MIA, speeches)

• assassinated

Who is Malcolm X?

• 1950-1960

• Black Civil Rights Activist

• Opposed mainstream civil rights ideas

  • did not believe in integration

  • black neighborhoods to be self reliant

  • use violence

• Found Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam while in prison

• Assassinated after angering the Nation of Islam by members of the Nation

• Contributed to the Black Nationalist Movement

• Left ideas of autonomy in Black communities

Who is Booker T. Washington

• prominent leader in the Black community

  • previously a slave

  • little education —> vocational school for Blacks in Alabama

Who is W.E.B. Dubois?

• a primary leader in the Black community

  • born into freedom, Massachusetts

  • attended local schools and was very smart

  • Fisk University in Tennessee where he first experienced racism

What was Booker T. Washington’s views on Civil Rights

• Black people need to prove themselves skillfully and economically

• approach gradually

What was WEB Dubois’s views on Civil Rights

• Immediate civil rights

  • full political rights

  • equal education

• end to segregation and discrimination immediately

What is the March on Washington

1963

June 11 —> President JFK announces plans for new civil rights legislation

June 20 —> meeting at the White House for planning a march

June 23 —> MLK speaks at a rally in Detroit

• SLCL, SNCC, NAACP, Urban League plan march and speakers

  • MLK (SCLC)

  • James Farmer (CORE)

  • John Lewis (SNCC)

  • Philip Randolph (BSCP)

  • Roy Wilkins (NAACP)

  • Whitney Young (Urban League)

• New policies on education, equal voting, nondiscriminatory housing and jobs

  August 18, 1963 —> 250,000 people gathered in DC

  • March led to the signing of the Voting Act of 1965 and Civil Rights Act of 1964

What is Freedom Summer

• 1964

• Black voter registration drive and civil rights campaign

  • Mississippi

• Meetings, protests, freedom schools, freedom housing, freedom libraries, collective rise in voting rights

• Freedom Schools

  • Educated Blacks

  • Opportunity not available in segregated schools

  • Charlie Cobb

What is the Mississippi Burning?

• 1964

• A part of Freedom Summer

• Civil rights workers were murdered by the KKK

• Mount Zion Church burned down

  • Pro-segregation and anti-freedom summer views from the KKK

Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Influences — Montgomery Bus Boycotts, Birmingham Bombing, March on Washington

• Passed because of pressure from the public

• No more discrimination of public places

  • No more separate but equal

• Integration of public places

• Employment equality

  • EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission)

What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Make voting equal and accessible

  • Enforce the 15th Amendment

• Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson

• End poll taxes, literacy tests, and other barriers

• Remove bureaucratic restrictions on voting

• Equal voting rights regardless of race