Bio- Unit 1

Is water polar or non polar

It is polar because of formation of polar covalent bonds between H and O

What bonding goes on between water molecules

Hydrogen Bonding

Does water have high or low heat capacity

High because it takes lots of energy to change temp a little

What does waters high heat capacity allow for

Allows for maintenance of homeostatic body temperature within living organisms

What does waters high heat of vaporization allow for

Allows for evaporative cooling of surrounding environment and allows body temp to be maintained 

What are the most prevalent elements used to build biological molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids

C, H, O

What biological molecule is sulfur used for

Building proteins

What biological molecules are phosphorus used for

phospholipids and nucleic acids

What biological molecule is nitrogen used for

nucleic acids

What is hydrolysis

A chemical reaction involving the cleaving of covalent bonds by adding a water molecule

What does hydrolysis do

breaks down molecules into smaller molecules

What happens when water is added to a polymer

breaks the bond between monomers, and then the hydrogen ion is added to one monomer and the hydroxyl group of the water molecule is added to the other monomer

When does dehydration synthesis occur

When two smaller molecules are joined together through covalent bonding

What happens in a dehydration synthesis

A hydrogen ion is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the other causing the loss of a water molecule and connecting the two remaining monomers (connection=polymerization)

what are monosaccharides

simple sugars

what are polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates

how are monosaccharides and polysaccharides related

monosaccharides are the monomers for polysaccharides and are connected by covalent bonds(can be linear or branched)

What are lipids

nonpolar, hydrophobic molecules whose structure and function are derived from how their subcomponents are assemble

what are fatty acids

fundamental building blocks for lipids (are long hydrocarbon chains with carboxyl group at the end) and can be described as saturated or unsaturated

How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ

Saturated fatty acids contain only single bonds between carbon atoms

Unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one double bond between carbons causing kink in carbon chain

What does more double bonds in fatty acid tail lead to

The more double bonds= the more unsaturated it is, and the more unsaturated it is the more liquid it is at room temperature

What are examples of lipids

Fats and steroids including cholesterol and phospholipids

What do fats do

Provide energy storage and support cell function, sometimes they can also provide insulation to help keep mammals warm

what are steroids and what do they do

They are hormones that support physiological functions including growth and development, energy metabolism, and homeostasis

What does cholesterol do

provides essential structural stability to animal cell membranes

what do phospholipids do

group together to form the lipid bilayers found in plasma and cell membranes

Where is the biological information encoded in nucleic acids

In nucleic acids, info is encoded in sequences of nucleotide monomers

What are the structural components of nucleotides

5-carbon sugar(deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

What are the different types of nitrogenous bases

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

What are nucleic acids

Linear sequences of nucleotides that have ends defined by 3’ hydroxyl and 5’ phosphate

What happens during nucleic acid synthesis

nucleotides are added to the 3’ end resulting in covalent bonds between nucleotides

How is DNA structured

As an antiparallel double helix with two strands of nucleotides running in opposite direction (5’—>3’, 3’—>5’)

What are the nucleotide pairings in DNA and RNA

For both: C-G

DNA: A-T

RNA: A-U

What are the differences between DNA and RNA

DNA= sugar deoxyribose, RNA= sugar ribose

DNA= nitrogenous base T, RNA= nitrogenous base U

DNA= Double strand, RNA= Single strand

What are proteins comprised of

linear chains of amino acids connected by formation of covalent bonds (peptide) bonds

What are peptide bonds

covalent bonds that form between a carboxyl group of one amino acid and an amine group of the next amino acid

What are amino acids composed of

Central carbon atom with a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, an amine group, and a variable R group covalently bonded.

How are the R groups of amino acids categorized

Hydrophobic/nonpolar, hydrophilic/polar, ionic

what do the sequence of amino acids in proteins do

It determines the primary structure of a polypeptide as well as overall shape of protein

How are the secondary structures of proteins made?

local folded structures that form within a polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding creating alpha-helices and beta-sheets

what results in the 3-D shape of the tertiary structure of protein

The formation of hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic interactions, or disulfide bridges

What results in the quaternary structure of a protein

Interactions between multiple polypeptides

What levels of protein structure determine the function of a protein

All levels

hydroxyl

OH, adds to polarity

Carbonyl

C==O, tends to be found in sugars, Adds to polarity

Carboxyl

COOH, acts as acid, found on every amino acid

Amino

NH2, acts as base, found on every amino acid

Sulfhydryl

SH, found on amino acid cysteine, forms covalent cross-links with other cysteines in tertiary and quaternary proteins

Phosphate

PO4, considered an energy releasing side group bcs of negative charge

Methyl

CH3, nonpolar