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Burghers
Merchants in towns during the Middle Ages who became politically powerful.
Hanseatic League
A trade alliance formed in 1358 to promote trade in northern Europe and drive toward nationhood.
Romanesque to Gothic
Architectural styles that evolved during the Middle Ages, especially in cathedrals.
Flying buttresses
Architectural features that allowed for tall windows and vaulted ceilings in Gothic cathedrals.
Scholasticism
The growth of education and knowledge during the Middle Ages, leading to the founding of universities.
Crusades
Military campaigns by European Christians from the 11th to 14th century aimed at converting non-Christians.
Heresies
Religious practices or beliefs that did not conform to traditional church doctrine.
Pope Innocent III
A pope known for strict decrees on church doctrine and persecution of heretics and Jews.
Inquisition
A formal interrogation and prosecution of perceived heretics, often involving severe punishments.
Thomas Aquinas
A Christian theologian who argued that faith and reason are not in conflict.
Urbanization
The growth of urban culture driven by trade, with cities often located along trade routes.
Genghis Khan
The leader who unified Mongolian tribes in the early 1200s and expanded their territory.
Mongol Empire
An empire that spanned from the Pacific Ocean to Eastern Europe, known for its ruthless conquests.
Golden Horde
The Mongol group that conquered modern-day Russia.
Kublai Khan
Genghis Khan’s successor who ruled over China.
Timur Lang
A Mongol leader known for his destructive conquests in India and the spread of Islam.
Cultural Diffusion
The spread of culture, ideas, and technologies through trade and conquest.
Mansa Musa
The Malian ruler who expanded the kingdom and built the capital of Timbuktu.
Sonni Ali
The Songhai ruler who conquered West Africa and established a major cultural center.
Song Dynasty
A Chinese dynasty known for its merit-based bureaucratic system and advancements in technology.
Trade Networks
Systems of trade that expanded significantly from 1200 to 1450, enhancing cultural exchange.
Bubonic Plague
A deadly disease that spread from Asia to Europe in the 14th century, killing about one-third of the population.
Indian Ocean Trade
A trade network dominated by Persians and Arabs, connecting western India to eastern Africa.
Great Zimbabwe
An African trading empire that thrived from the 11th to 15th centuries.
Xuanzang
A Chinese Buddhist monk who traveled to India to explore Buddhism during the T’ang Dynasty.
Marco Polo
A Venetian merchant known for his travels to China and Europe.
Ibn Battuta
An Islamic traveler who journeyed through the Islamic world to India and China.
Technology Innovations
Advancements such as paper mills, gunpowder, and movable type that emerged in various cultures.
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