A&P HESI

The layer of skin that contains a high number of blood vessels, as well as elastic and collagen fibers is the ____________.

Dermis

Hypodermis

Epidermis

Stratum germinativum

Dermis

*Hypodermis contains fat and provides insulation

Apocrine sweat glands____________.

become active during puberty

regulate body temperature

are found in the back, axilla, and perianal area

open up to the surface of the skin

become active during puberty

Osteocytes are _________________.

Inactive mature bone cells

Osteoid-synthesizing cells

Bone-resorbing cells

Bone-forming cells

Inactive mature bone cells

*Osteoblasts = forms bone

*Osteoclasts = bone resorbing

Axial Skeleton vs Appendicular Skeleton

The axial skeleton consists of bones of the skull, vertebrae, and trunk. 

The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the arms, legs, shoulder girdle (clavicle and scapula), and pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, and pubis).

How many vertebrae make up the cervical vertebrae?

4

5

7

12

7

*5 sacral vertebrae and 5 lumbar vertebrae.

*12 thoracic vertebrae.

*4 fused vertebrae in the coccyx.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the interneuron?

Conveys impulses to the central nervous system

Conveys impulses from visceral organs

Conveys impulses from sensory neuron to motor neuron

Conveys impulses from the central nervous system

Conveys impulses from sensory neuron to motor neuron

Which of the following correctly describes a motor neuron?

Conveys impulses from the central nervous system

Conveys impulses from sensory neuron to motor neuron

Conveys impulses from glands

Conveys impulses to the central nervous system

Conveys impulses from the central nervous system

Which of these neurons is not found in the peripheral nervous system?

Interneuron

Adrenergic neuron

Somatic neuron

Efferent neuron

Interneuron

Which of the following describes a simple spinal reflex?

Stimulus-impulse in sensory neuron-spinal cord-motor neuron-action

Stimulus-impulse in sensory neuron-spinal cord-brain-motor neuron-action

Stimulus-impulse in motor neuron-spinal cord-sensory neuron-action

Stimulus-impulse in motor neuron-spinal cord-brain-sensory neuron-action

Stimulus-impulse in sensory neuron-spinal cord-motor neuron-action

Which of the following correctly describes the retina?

The inner layer of the eye which generates nerve impulses

The outer layer of the eye which protects the eye

The middle layer of the eye which supplies nutrients to the eye

The middle layer of the eye which focuses light rays

The inner layer of the eye which generates nerve impulses

Which of the following is not found in the bony labyrinth of the ear?

Semicircular canals

Auditory ossicles

Cochlea

Vestibule

Auditory Ossicles

Which of the following describes the function of the saccule?

Amplifies sound waves

Detects horizontal movement of the head

Detects vertical movement of the head

Detects sound waves

Detects vertical movement of the head

Which structure is responsible for equalizing ear pressure?

Membranous labyrinth

Tympanic membrane

Cochlear duct

Eustachian tube

Eustachian tube

Which of the following contains nonstriated muscle fibers?

Quadricep muscle

The heart

The intestine

Pectoralis major

The intestine

The functional unit of the myofibril is called ____________.

Z-line

Actin

Myosin

Sarcomere

Sarcomere

Which of the following is not a part of the thin myofilament?

Troponin

Actin

Myosin

Tropomyosin

Myosin

Which of the following cleaves ATP to generate energy for muscle contraction?

Myosin

Actin

Troponin

Tropomyosin

Myosin

What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction?

Calcium binds to troponin and leads to the uncovering of the active site of actin

Calcium binds to actin to initiate the formation of cross-bridges between myosin and actin

Calcium binds to tropomyosin and leads to the uncovering of the active site of actin

Calcium binds to myosin to initiate the formation of cross-bridges between myosin and actin

Calcium binds to troponin and leads to the uncovering of the active site of actin

During muscle contraction, calcium molecules are released from ____________.

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Myosin

Tropomyosin

Troponin

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following correctly describes the process of muscle contraction?

Release of calcium-binding of calcium to inhibitory protein-cross bridges between actin and myosin- action potential- filaments use energy from ATP to slide together-contraction

Action potential-cross bridges between actin and myosin-release of calcium-binding of calcium to inhibitory proteins- filaments use energy from ATP to slide together- contraction

Release of calcium-binding of calcium to inhibitory protein-action potential-cross bridges between actin and myosin- filaments use energy from ATP to slide together-contraction

Action potential-release of calcium-calcium binding to inhibitory proteins-cross bridges between actin and myosin-filament use energy from ATP to slide together-contraction

Action potential-release of calcium-calcium binding to inhibitory proteins-cross bridges between actin and myosin-filament use energy from ATP to slide together-contraction

Which of the following correctly describes synergist muscles?

Muscles that return the limb to its original position

Muscles that produce similar movement as the primary mover

Muscles that oppose the primary mover

Muscles that produce no movement around a moveable joint

Muscles that produce similar movement as the primary mover

The thin myofilament is compromised of

actin, tropomyosin, troponin

Which of the following correctly describes an endocrine hormone?

Chemical messengers that act on nearby cells

Chemical messengers that act on distant tissues

Electrical impulses that act on distant tissues

Electrical impulses that act on nearby cells

Chemical messengers that act on distant tissues

ACTH is produced by the ____________ and acts on the ______________.

Anterior pituitary, adrenal medulla

Anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary, thyroid gland

Anterior pituitary, adrenal cortex

The specialized neuromuscular tissue found in the atrial septum near the atrioventricular septum is called _______________.

SA node

Purkinje fibers

Bundle of His

AV node

AV node

Sam has a blood pressure of 120/80mmHg. 80 represents the ___________.

 

The pressure in the arteries during diastole

The pressure in the ventricle during diastole

The pressure in the arteries during systole

The pressure in the ventricle during systole

The pressure in the arteries during diastole

Which of the following is not a function of the nose?

Warming air

Filtering air

Gas exchange

Humidification

Gas exchange

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and blood in the capillaries is called ___________.

Internal respiration

Cellular respiration

Ventilation

External respiration

External respiration

*Ventilation refers to the inflow and outflow of air between the exterior and the alveoli. It consists of inspiration (inflow) and expiration (outflow) of air in and out of the alveoli to the atmosphere.

Internal respiration refers to the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide between body cells and the blood.

Cellular respiration refers to the metabolic process by which cells generate energy.

Which of the following is not a function of the kidney?

Production of renin

Production of erythropoietin

Production of albumin

Production of urine

Production of erythropoietin

Blood pressure drives fluid and solutes through the glomerular capillary into Bowman’s space. What is this process called?

Filtration

Secretion

Excretion

Reabsorption

Filtration

Which of the following is not a function of the reproductive system?

Transport of nutrients to the body cells

Support of developing fetus

Production of hormones

Transport of gametes

Transport of nutrients to the body cells

The following are functions of the gonads except ____________.

Production of hormones

Production of gametes

Transporting of egg cells to fertilization site

Development of secondary sexual characteristics

Transporting of egg cells to fertilization site

Which of the following statements is incorrect about estrogen?

It stimulates ovulation

It is responsible for the female secondary sex characteristics

It is produced by the cells of the ovarian follicle

It stimulates the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle

It stimulates ovulation *LH stimulates ovulation

Which of the following hormones is correctly paired with its function?

LH—Secondary sexual characteristics

Progesterone—Secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

FSH—Ovulation

Estrogen—Maturation of follicle

Progesterone—Secretory phase of the menstrual cycle

The spermatozoa is produced in the ___________.

Epididymis

Ejaculatory duct

Vas deferens

Seminiferous tubule

Seminiferous tubule

The long coiled tube where storage and maturation of sperms occurs is the __________.

Vas deferens

Seminal vesicle

Prostate

Epididymis

Epididymis

Which  hormones are high at the beginning of the menstrual cycle?

Luteinizing hormone and progesterone

Follicle-stimulating hormone and progesterone

Follicle-stimulating hormone and estrogen

Luteinizing hormone and estrogen

Follicle-stimulating hormone (prepares egg for ovulation) and estrogen

Which of the following white blood cells has a horseshoe-shaped nucleus?

B lymphocyte

T lymphocyte

Macrophage

NK cells

Macrophage

Which of the following structure-function pairs is correct?

B lymphocyte—produce cytokines

NK cells—produce antibodies

T lymphocyte—kill infected cells

Neutrophils—allergic reaction

T lymphocyte—kill infected cells *NK destroys cells

Which of the following occurs when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?

Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, digestion slows down

T-lymphocytes are developed by which of the following glands?

Thymus

What is secreted by adrenal glands?

cortisol and aldosterone

What, in addition to adenosine triphosphate, must be present for a muscle to contract?

calcium

Which part of the eye allows us to see color?

retina

Which of the following describes the distal region of the humerus?

The epiphysis that articulates with the radius and ulna

Mitosis occurs in which layer of the skin?

Stratum germinativum

Which of the following features of veins results in the venous system operating at lower pressures than the arterial side?

veins have thinner, more compliant vessel walls than arteries

The hormone __________ assists estrogen in stimulating the formation of the endometrium.

progesterone

Which of the following salivary glands primarily contributes to the production and secretion of saliva?

submandibular glands

The anterior lobe of pituitary glands is called which of the following?

Adenohypophysis

Which of the following structures functions in directing sound waves into the ear?

Auricle

The pharynx is a conduit for air and food. It is divided into three segments which contain lymphoid structures that play significant roles in protection and defense. Which segment of the pharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsils?

Nasopharynx

Which of the following gets absorbed directly into the blood?

Amino acids

What form of tissue provides support and structure for the organs?

Connective

Listening to music stimulates which of the following organs?

Cochlea

What type of cell division occurs in the gonads?

Meiosis

The functions of the circulatory system include all of the following except:

to deliver carbon dioxide to body tissues

Which of the following is not a function of cortisol?

release growth hormone

An irregular epiphysis at each end is present in which of the following?

a typical long bone

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the production of sperm in the male reproductive system?

Follicle Stim.

What is the primary function of the Loop of Henle in the nephron?

Reabsorption of water and salts to concentrate urine

Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for regulating body temperature?

dermis

Which of the following structures is responsible for filtering lymph and trapping pathogens within the lymphatic system?

lymph node

Which hormone lowers blood calcium levels?

calcitonin (parathyroid increases)

Which bone type contains a central canal for blood vessels?

compact bone

Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for cell division?

stratum basale

Which ion is primarily responsible for depolarization during an action potential?

sodium

What is the main function of the myelin sheath?

increase speed of nerve impulses

Which type of joint allows the greatest range of motion?

Ball and socket

Which mineral is most essential for bone hardness?

calcium

Which gland controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland?

hypothalamus

Which part of the nephron is responsible for filtration?

glomerulus

what hormone triggers ovulation?

LH

Which blood vessel has valves to prevent backflow?

Veins

What type of neuron carries impulses from receptors to the CNS?

sensory neuron

Which part of the brain regulates breathing and heart rate?

medulla obloganta

Which structure prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing?

Soft palate

Which hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining pregnancy?

progesterone

Which structure produces sperm?

testes

What is the gap between two neurons called?

synaptic cleft

Which part of the digestive system is NOT part of the alimentary canal?

liver

What is the primary role of calcium ions during muscle contraction?

Attaching to inhibitory proteins on actin filaments and moving them aside

How many pairs of spinal nerves does the human body have?

31 pairs

Which hormone secreted by the pituitary gland stimulates the testes to produce testosterone?

LH

During systole, what action occurs within the heart

The ventricles contract to pump blood out of the heart