Genetics Unit 1 Test

Genetic Approaches: The _____________ approach is the physical characteristics you can see or observe

Phenotypic

Genetic Approaches: The _____________ approach observes chromosomes with a microscope

Microscopic

Genetic Approaches: The _____________ approach observes DNA sequences of a genome

Molecular

___________ is the study of everything related to DNA

Genetics

Appearance/Function of life depends on _______ function

gene

Preservation of life depends on ______ _______________

DNA Replication

_______ ___________ contributes to phenotypic variation

Genetic Variation

__________________ Variation is the variation in 1 or 2 genes

Discontinuous

_________________ Variation is the variation in 3 or more genes

Continuous

DNA is composed of 5 elements:

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous

Replication, Information content, and the ability to change is all included in the role of DNA as ___________ ______________

Hereditary Material

Phosphate group

Deoxyribose sugar

Thymine & Cytosine

Pyrimidines

Adenine & Guanine

Purines

______________ bonds allow DNA to replicate by providing structure and function for nucleic acids

Phosphodiester

Hydrogen bonds between bases form _______ ________

base pairs

How many hydrogen bonds are between adenine and thymine?

2

How many hydrogen bonds are between guanine and cytosine?

3

The more hydrogen bonds a molecule has, the ________________ the bond

stronger

_____________ bonds hold DNA together

Covalent

Why is DNA double helix?

atomic forces

The ability of DNA to replicate in convey information results and it's _____________ & ______________

function, role

A ________ is a specific length of DNA containing the information needed to produce in RNA molecule

gene

________ ______ are the building blocks of life that make things function the way they do

amino acids

T or F: some genes are more important than others

true

1 multiple choice option

_________ catalyze chemical reactions

enzymes

____________ are proteins that serve as antibodies

Immunoglobulins

_______________ is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels and is essential for the body to use glucose for energy

insulin

____________ proteins serve to receive and transmit signals

receptor

DNA/RNA __________ Proteins turn genes on and off

binding

_____________ proteins are involved in contraction ex) myosin & actin

Contractile

A _________ is a DNA molecule or a chain of multiple genes

chromosome

Chromosomes are packed _____________ in DNA

vertically

T or F: different proteins package different items

true

T or F: all organisms have the same chromosomes

false

highly condensed chromatin

heterochromatin

loosely packed chromatin

euchromatin

T or F: all centromeres are in the center of a chromosome

false

Metacentric chromosome

Submetacentric chromosome

Aerocentric chromosome

Telocentric chromosome

_____________ are structures made of proteins that spindle fibers attached to and separate sister chromatids, located at the cross section of a chromosome

kinetochores

______________ are stretches of DNA to which special proteins bind to located at the end of a chromosome, also protect the ends of a chromosome from degrading

telomeres

__________ are not in cells, but rather a diagram showing the chromosomes from a cell lined up from largest to smallest

karyotypes

____________ Chromosomes have the same genes, size, shape, centromere is in the same position

Homologous

______________ Chromosomes have different genes, shape, and centromere location

Nonhomologous

Chromosomes that males and females both contain are referred to as ______________

autosomes

Chromosomes that differ between male and females are referred to as ______ _____________

sex chromosomes

T or F: chromosomes determine sex

false

_________ refers to a location on a chromosome

locus

_______ refers to two locations on a chromasome

loci

An __________ is a version of a DNA sequence at a particular locus

allele

A SNP that involves the addition of a nucleotide into a DNA sequence

Insertion

A SNP that involves the removal of a nucleotide in a DNA sequence

deletion

____________ refer to the insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotide(s)

indels

___________ is the combination of alleles/genetic makeup of an individual cell or organism

genotype

Homozygous

Heterozygous

T or F: humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

true

An organism with only one set of chromosomes

haploid

An organism with two sets of chromosomes

diploid

An organism with three or more sets of chromosomes

polyploid

T or F: an allele is a set of chromosomes

false

T or F: chromosomes size, number, shape has never changed over time

false

The ______________ is essentially all of your DNA in a cell

genome

What are the three organelles that contain DNA?

nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts

T or F: all genomes among species have the same amount of DNA

False

T or F: the format of DNA varies among species

true

T or F: Number of chromosomes vary among species

true

T or F: the organization of genes are the same among all species

false

T or F: All DNA sequences are functional

false

T or F: Genes and regulatory sequences are functional

true

DNA sequences that were once functional in our ancestors but are now "broken"

Pseudogenes

DNA sequences that are repeated multiple times Ex.) ACACACACACACAC

Repetitive Sequences

Viruses that are coded in our DNA but no longer active

Viral Sequences

DNA copies that are replicated and inserted somewhere else within the genome

Transposable Elements

Prokaryotic genomes are typically ________ with few (if any) introns

circular

Within prokaryotic genomes, ________ are typically an accessory and not needed

plasmids

The nuclear genome consists of DNA in the ___________ and is linear with introns in almost every cell

nucleus

How many base pairs do humans have within their genome?

3.2 billion

The mitochondrial genome consists of DNA in the _______________, genes control the organelles function, and is circular in shape

mitochondria

T or F: the mitochondria is a endosymbiotic bacteria

false

The _________ genome is made of proteins containing DNA that can either be double/single stranded and is very diverse (some contain DNA, others RNA)

viral