hap blood pressure

Systolic Pressure

Maximum pressure during ventricular contraction in arteries

Diastolic Pressure

Lowest pressure during ventricular relaxation in arteries

What is used to measure arterial blood pressure

A sphygmomanometer

Normal arterial blood pressure and interpretation

120/80, the upper number is the arterial systolic pressure in mm Hg (SP), the lower number indicates arterial diastolic pressure in mm Hg (DP)

Pulse

the expanding and recoiling of arterial wall during contraction and relaxation o

Stroke volume

the volume of blood discharged from the ventricle each contraction, roughly 70 milliliters for males

Cardiac output

volume of blood discharged from ventricle per minute

Blood volume

the sum of formed elements and plasma volume in, roughly 5 liters or 8%

Peripheral resistance

the friction between the blood and walls of blood vessels that hinders blood flow, blood pressure must overcome this to keep flowing

Viscosity

difficulty with which the molecules of fluid flow past one another, the greater the amount the more force needed to move blood

Blood pressure calculation

Cardiac output multiplied by peripheral resistance

Frank Starling law of the heat

The longer the fibers the greater the force when contracting, when more blood enters the heart from veins the more the stretch leading to more force and higher stroke volume

Baroreceptors

Sensory receptors in aortic arch and carotid arteries sensing changes in blood pressure, if pressures increase or decrease the impulse travels to medulla oblongata (cardiac portion) then to the SA node to return back to homeostasis

Cardioinhibitor reflex

Decreases cardiac output and blood pressure decreases to normal

Cardioaccelerator reflex

increases cardiac output and blood pressure increases to normal

Vasomotor center

A part of the medulla oblongata that sends sympathetic impulses to smooth muscle or parasympathetic impulses SA node to help maintain blood pressure

Influencers of peripheral resistance

increasing carbon dioxide, decreasing blood oxygen, lowering blood pH can relax smooth muscle

How does blood flow through veins

skeletal muscles around the veins press on the veins massaging the blood from one valve section to the next