APUSH 10 - 5.10-11 - Reconstruction

Juneteenth

Day last Texas slaves were freed

Struggles that the freedpeople faced initially included...

no money, land, or formal education

40 cents and a mule

order from Union General Sherman granting land to some freedpeople in GA and SC, quickly rescinded

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

Why was Jefferson Davis and other Confederates never convicted of treason?

Congress believed no Virginian jury would convict them

How much ecconomic help was given to the South and why?

very little; Americans believed that people had responsibility to care for themselves

Northern Republicans postwar interest

continue economic growth

Southern aristocrats postwar interest

want low cost labor to work plantations

Presidential Reconstruction

lenient policy led by Lincoln and Johnson

Lincoln's view of the South/Reconstruction was that...

the South never left because they constitutionally couldn't secede

Lincoln's Reconstruction policy (3)

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, Wade-Davis Bill, Freedmen's Bureau

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863)

Lincoln set up a proocess for political reconstruction of state governments

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction's provisions

1) granted full presidential pardons to most who took oath of allegiance and accepted emancipation, 2) state gvernments could be legit when 10% of voters took the oath

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction was designed to...

shorten the war and bolster the EP

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) provisions

ameneded 10% rule to 50%, forbid Confederates from voting for a new state Cosntitution

Why was the Wade-Davis Bill introduced?

Republicans in Congress objected to 10% rule because it would allow disloyal secessionists to overrun state governments

Lincoln's response to the Wade-Davis Bill

pocket veto

Freedmen's Bureau official name

Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands

What did the Freedmen's Bureau do?

acted as welfare agency; provide food, shelter, and medical care for black and white Americans devasated by war

Freedmen's Bureau resettlement movement

initially resettled freedpeople on confiscated Southern lands, but was shut down by Johnson

Oliver O. Howard

Head of the Freedmen's Bureau

Freedmen's Bureau greatest success

Education; established nearly 3k schools for freedpeople and taught 200k to read

Andrew Johnson background

self taught tailor who was a poor white

The only senator from a seceding state to remain loyal to the Union was

Andrew Johnson

Why was Andrew Johnson picked as Lincoln's VP?

to help bolster votes from prosouth and War Democrats

Relationship between Johnson and Congress

constantly fighting

Johnson's Reconstruction policy (1865)

1) Lincoln's plan, 2) disenfranchisment for all former Confederate leaders and those with more than 20k in taable property, 3) presidential pardons

Congressional Reconstruction

the 2nd round of reconstruction characterized by harsh on South + more protection of freedpeople

Radical Republicans beliefs

champion civil rights, womens suffrage, labor union rights

Moderate Republicans beliefs

focused on economic gains for white middle class

Radical Republicans emerged as a response to...

fear that Democrats would win in the next election

Leading Radical Republican in the Senate

Charles Sumner

Leading Radical Republican in the House

Thaddeus Stevens

13th Amendment

bans slavery and involuntary servitude unless as punishment for crime

Civil Rights Act of 1866

declared that al African Americans were US citizens and trie to provide legal shield against Black Codes

14th Amendment

all people born or naturalized in the US are citizens, states must protect rights, states must provide equal protection of the law and due process of law

Significance of the 14th Amendment

required states to uphold rights and keystone of civil rights

Provisions of the 14th Amendment that specifically applied to Reconstruction were...

forbid Conf leaders from holding office, repudiae debts, and penalized states that kept people from voting

Joint Commitee on Reconstruction Report declared that...

reorganized states weren't entitled to Congessional reocgnition and that elected Southern officials weren't allowed to take seats

Significance of Joint Commitee on Reconstruction Report

Congress officially rejected Presidential recon

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

3 acts that placed South under military occupation, divided ino 5 military districts, and increased requirements for rejoining the Union

Congressional Election of 1866

overwhelming Republican win

"Waving the flag"

Northern republican political strategy of reminding voters about the war to gain votes

The first president to get impeached was...

Johnson

Tenure of Office Act

Forbade president from removing civil officers without Congressional consent

Purpose of the Tenure of Office Act

to prevent Johnson from removing radical republicans from his cabinet

Why was Johnson impeached?

He violated the Tenure of Office Act by firing Edwin Stanton

Edwin Stanton

Radical Republican secretary of war

Was Johnson's impeachment trial successful?

no

Republican nominee in the presidential election of 1868

Ulysses S. Grant

Democratic nominee in the presidential election of 1868

Horatio Seymour

Who won the Presidential Election of 1868

Grant

Reconstruction under Grant (2)

15th Amendment, Civil Rights Act of 1875

15th Amendment

States cannot deny any person the right to vote because of race.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

guaranteed equal rights in public places

What was the last Civil Rights reform act passed by Congressional Reconstruction?

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Why did Congress abandon Reconstruction

Republicans got tired of the stubborn South and feared losing white votes in the North

Reconstruction governments in the South were under the control of which political party?

Republican

Union League

organization that worked to educate civics and campaign for Republican candidates, later building schools and churches

Scalawag

a white Southern Republican

Carpetbagger

a Northerner who moved South after the Civil War

2 African American senators were...

Blanche K Bruce and Hiram Revels

Blanche K Bruce

African American senator

Hiram Revels

first African American senator from Mississippi

A significant development symbolizing freedpeople's independence was...

churches

Independent African American led churches included...

Baptist and African Methodist / Episcopal Church

Johnson administration's greatest success

foreign policy, purchase of Alaska

Seward's Folly

criticism of William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars

Northern economy post CW

continued to grow due to industrial revolution and Republican policies

Grant's administration was spoiled by...

greed and corruption

Spoilsmen

political manipulators who only support a party for profit

Republican party reformers included

Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, Benjamin Wade

Roscoe Conkling

Republican spoilsman

James Blaine

Republican spoilsman

Jay Gould and James Fisk

wall street financiers who devised scheme to corner the gold market with the help of grant's brother in law

Credit Mobilier affair

insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress to avoid investigation of their Transcontinental Railroad profits

Whiskey Ring

federal revenue agents conspired with the liquor industry to defraud the government of millions in taxes

William Tweed

boss of NYC local Democratic party who masterminded schemes that stole hundreds of millions from tax payers

When did the Liberal Republicans emerge?

Election of 1872

Liberal Republicans

new party advocating for civil service reform, end to railroad subsidies, withdrawing troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade

Who did Liberal Republicans and Democrats nominate in the Election of 1872?

Horace Greeley

Who won the Election of 1872?

Grant

Panic of 1873

economic depression that left thousands of northern laborers jobless and homeless

Causes of the Panic of 1873

overspeculation by financiers and overbuilding by industry and railroads

Grant's solution to the Panic of 1873

inflation by issuing more greenbacks

Who was impacted most by the Panic of 1873?

Black Southerners bc the economy distracted Congress from injustice in the South

Women's suffrage

the movement to grant women the right to vote

the first territory to grant full suffrage rights

Wyoming

Woman's Loyal League

a women's suffrage group that supported civil rights during the CW

Redeemers

Southern conservatives who took back control of state governments around 1877

Redeemers beliefs

states rights, reduced taxes and social spending, white supremacy

Ku Klux Klan

secret society to intimidate African Americans and white reformers in the South

Invisible empire

nickname for the KKK

Who founded the KKK?

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Force Acts of 1870 and 1871

laws giving the federal government power stop KKK terrorism

Black Codes

state laws restricting rights and movement of African Americans

Black Codes included provisions such as...

forbidden to buy/rent land, testify in court vs a white person, had to sign work agreements

Sharecropping

landlord provided seed and farm supplies in exchange for half the harvest

Amnesty Act of 1872

removed last restrictions on ex Confederates except top leaders

Political consequence of the Amnesty Act of 1872

allowed Democrats to retake state governments and gain majorities