bio112 exam 1

blood temperature

100.4 F

average blood volume (liters)

5 L

blood ph

7.35-7.45

blood functions

distribution, regulation, protection

components of blood

plasma (55%) (fluid portion of blood)

buffy coat (1%) (WBC, platelets)

erythrocytes (45%) (RBC)

formed elements of blood (cellular components)

buffy coat & erythrocytes

hematocrit

o2 carrying capacity of blood (percentage of whole blood made of RBCs)

average hematocrit (percentage)

45%

plasma composition

91.5% water (solvent)

7% protiens (albumin, globulin, clotting proteins, other proteins)

1.5% other (nitrogenous waste, nutrients, ions, gases)

albumin

transport protein, more than half of all proteins in plasma (most abundant protein in plasma)

globulins

round proteins (alpha & beta for transport, gamma for antibodies) (2nd most abundant in plasma)

clotting proteins

11 different proteins, most abundant being fibrinogen (3rd most abundant in plasma)

synthesis site for all plasma proteins except hormones and antibodies

liver

1.5% nitrogenous waste components

urea (protein waste

uric acid (dna/rna waste)

creatinine (musc metabolism waste)

bilirubin ( result of breakdown of RBCs)

homeopoiesis

blood cell formation in red bone marrow

Erythropoiesis

RBC produciton, stimulated by erythoprotein (hormone made in the kidney)

Thrombopoiesis

platelet production, stimulated by thromboprotein (hormone made in liver)

Leukopoiesis

WBC production, stimulated by interleukins, colony stimulating factors

erythropoiesis timeline

1.starter cell(hematopoietic stem cell)

2.myeloid stem cell (fills with hemoglobin, ejects nucleus & most organelles)

3.reticulocyte (young RBC, enters blood, lasts 2 days max)

4.erythrocyte( RBC, no nucleus or organelle, circulates 100-120 days)

RBC's per microliter of whole blood

4-6 million

average reticulocyte count

1-2%

jaundice

liver unable to process bilirubin, body turns yellow

RBC life cycle

1.erythropoeisis (in red bone marrow)

2.reticulocyte (young RBC, 1-2 days)

3.mature RBC (100-120 days, no organelles)

4.spleen disassembles hemoglobin

WBC facts

<1% of whole blood

5-10k WBCs per microliter of whole blood

funx: immunity, resistance to disease

chars: emigration, chemotaxis, most use phagocytosis

5 WBCs (NLMEB)

Neutrophils (60-70%, most abundant WBC)

Lymphocytes (20-25%, blue nucleus, pale blue ring)

Monocytes (3-8%, kidney nucleus, pale cytoplasm )

Eosinophils (2-4%, red)

Basophils (.5-1%, blue and purple)

differential WBC count

relative abundance of different kinds of WBCs in blood

monoctyes become __________ after emigration

macrophages

platelets

cell fragments

150k-400k per microliter of whole blood

Funx: protection from blood loss

thrombopoiesis steps

1.hematopoietic stem cell

2.myeloid stem cell

3.megakaryocyte

4.platelets

hemostasis (definiton and steps)

sequence to stop bleeding

1.vascular spasm

2.platelet plug forms

3.coagulation

clotting factors

11 proteins made by liver

2 non protein factors: calcium & tissue factor

tissue factor

chemical made by damaged tissue to trigger clotting

intrinsic clotting pathway

many reactions

makes prothrombinase

slow (several minutes)

needs calcium ions

extrinsic clotting pathway

fewer steps, faster (seconds)

makes prothrombinase

needs tissue factor

needs calcium ions

common clotting pathway

after prothrombinase

prothrombin+ prothrombinase = thrombin (active)

thrombin + fibrinogen = fibrin

fibrin mesh + trapped blood cells =

blood clot

TPA

tissue plasminogen activator

(breaks down blot clots)

plasmin function

breaks down clots

thrombus

clot in vessel wall

embolus

clot circulating in blood

embolism

clot blocks flow in vessel

Agglutination

Clumping of RBCs due to antigen-antibody reaction.

Blood groups

A, B, AB, O, & RH factors

universal donor blood type

O-

universal recipient blood type

AB+

hemolytic disease of the newborn

RH+ fetus attacked by antibodies from RH- mom

Anemia

low o2 carrying capacity

HIV

destroys T cells

lymphatic system funx

drains excess interstitial fluid

transports dietary lipids

carries out immune responses

lymph

interstitial fluid leaked from capillaries

lymph flow

Lymphatic Capillaries --> Lymphatic Vessels --> Lymphatic Trunks --> Lymphatic Ducts --> Subclavian Veins (blood stream)

right lymphatic duct

drains right upper arm and right side of head and upper chest

thoracic duct

drains lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities

MALT

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

- tonsils

- peyers patches

- appendix

other malt

-respiratory tract

-urinary tract

-reproductive tract

primary lymphatic organs

where lymphocytes become immunocompetent

red bone marrow and thymus (B & T cells)

secondary lymphatic organs

where immune response happens

lymph nodes, spleen

thymus

only lymphatic organ made of epithelial tissue (T cell training site)

spleen

largest lymphatic organ

fetus RBC production

reticular connective tissue

innate immune system

non specific

general purpose

born with it

Adaptive Immune System

targets specific pathogens

only B & T cells

long term protection

B cells

humoral immunity, protects body fluid

T cells

cell-mediated immunity, targets specific infected cells

1st line of defense (physical barriers)

skin and mucous membranes

2nd line of defense (internal)

phagocytes

non phagocytes

anti microbial proteins

inflammatory response

fever

phagocytes

a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles

neutrophils

monocytes

macrophage

non phagocytes

eosinophils and natural killer cells

natural killer cells (NK)

cells that kill foreign or infected cells without antigen-antibody interaction

releases perforins, causing attacked cell to become leaky ending in lysis

lysis

cell leaks out contents

compliment proteins

group of at least 20 plasma proteins circulating in the blood in an inactive state, produced by liver. they assemble into a tube that penetrates cell membrane

stimulates histamine release

interferons

interferes with viral and bacterial reproduction

can be made by infected cells spreading to neighboring cells

Inflammatory Response

nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection

signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain

fever

triggered by pyrogens released by WBCs during fight

pyrogens go to hypothalamus increasing temperature

higher body temp makes chemical reactions quicker and increases iron retention away from pathogens

3rd line of defense

B cells and T cells, can produce memory cells for long term protection against known pathogens

self tolerant

ability to respect healthy body cells

t cell adhesion proteins

cd8: cytotoxic, cell killers t cell

cd4: helper t cell

humoral immunity

specific immunity produced by B cells that produce antibodies that circulate in body fluids, lymph nodes, spleen, or malt

activation of B cell

Antigen receptor binds to foreign antigen in body fluid, takes several days

Proliferation of B cell

Rapid cell division of activated b cell

Differentiation of B Cell

develops into two roles

1.most become plasma cells, making specific antibodies

2.few become memory b cells for long term protection

Primary response

first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance (No memory B cells at start, activation step required)

Secondary response

later interactions with the same foreign substance; faster and more effective due to memory b cells already present, makes more plasma than primary

antibody consists of

-4 polypeptide

-"V" region binds to the specific foreign antigen

-"C" region determines antibody class

immunoglobulins (MADGE)

IgM (pentamer, largest and first to be made, anti A/B, many antigen binding sites, causes agglutination)

IgA (15%, 2nd most abundant, secreted by mucous membranes in saliva, sweat, milk)

IgD( not very abundant, antigen receptors on B cell)

IgG (80% of antibodies, activates compliment proteins, small in size can cross placenta think RH)

IgE (least abundant, triggers inflammation, binds to basophils/mast cells to release histamine)

mechanisms of antibody action (PLAN)

Precipitation -settles out of solution due to cross linking of antibodies

Lysis- activates compliment proteins, results in destruction

Agglutination- IgMs cause clumping

Neutralization- toxin is surrounded

passive humoral immunity

antibodies not made by own body providing temporary immunity

Ex: antivenom, IgGs from mother to fetus, IgAs in milk from mother to baby

active humoral immunity

own b cells make antibodies and memory cells for longer term immunity

Ex: infection, vaccination

cell-mediated immunity

immune response from t cells

MHC antigens

self-antigens that allow the immune system to recognize own body cells

class 1: on surface of all nucleated body cells

class 2: on surface of antigen presenting cells

APCs

antigen presenting cells

-macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

-helps activate T cells by presenting antigen on cell surfaces

effector cytotoxic t cells secrete _________

perforins- makes cell leaky, causes lysis

granzymes- chemical that causes body cell to self destruct

polycythemia

excess RBCs that increase blood viscosity

Thrombocytopenia

low platelet count, reduces clotting ability

sickle cell anemia

a genetic disorder in which erythroctyes take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape

immunodeficiences

Immune systems that are inadequate or inefficient, congenital and aquired conditions that cause immune cells, phagocytes, or complement to behave abnormally (AIDS, SCID)

autoimmune disorders

Immune system attacks body's own tissues

multiple sclerosis (MS)

type 1 diabetes

rheumatoid arthritis

Hypersensitivities

inappropriate or overactive immune response resulting in host damage

asthma

anaphylactic shock

blood group incompatibilities

transfusion reaction, hemolytic disease of the newborn