Kinesiology for Dance EXAM STUDY GUIDE

Ligaments

Bone to bone connector; do not heal well when damaged; do not stretch because it decreases stability

Tendons

Connects muscle to bone

Fascia

Bands of tissue that envelope muscles; IT band for example

Plane Joint

Wrist; bones that rub next to each other

Hinge Joint

Only moves on one plane (like a door); elbow

Ball and Socket

Head of bone fits into a socket; hip and shoulder joints

Pivot Joint

freely movable synovial joint that allows rotary movement around a single axis; formed when a cylinder-shaped bone rotates inside another ligament that forms a ring around the joint; neck

Saddle Joint

Only found at the thumb; offer flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Condyloid Joint

Type of joint that allows movement in two planes, permitting flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction; knee

Amphiarthrotic Joint

Does not move; clavicle meets with the scapula and that doesn’t move

Plantar

Bottom of foot

Dorsal

Top of foot

Palmar

Palm of hand

Bones of Foot

Phalanges, metatarsals, tarsals, talus, and calcaneus; toes are numbered 1-5 medial to lateral

Sesamoid Bones

Found on the bottom of foot; embedded in tendons and important for function of toe joints; tendons contract and allows for movement

Phalangeal Metatarsal Joint

Joint located between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal phalanges, allowing for flexion and extension of the toes

Interphalangeal Joints

Joints found in between the individual phalange bones

Actions at Toe Joints

Sagittal - flexion (pointing or curling) and extension (flexing)

Frontal - abduction (spreading your toes) and adduction (bringing them together)

Transverse - no actions possible (always a neutral position)

Actions at Ankle Joint

Articulation points at talus, tibia, lateral malleolus of the fibula, and medial malleolus of tibia

Sagittal: Dorsal flexion and plantar flexion

Frontal: No actions possible (neutral position)

Transverse: No actions possible (neutral position)

Actions at Tarsus Joint

Combined planes: pronation and supination (and a neutral position)

Medial Collateral Ligament

Found on medial side of the knee; prevents knee from bending inward

Lateral Collateral Ligament

Found on lateral side of the knee; prevents excessive lateral movement

Anterior Cruciate Ligament

Runs from the anterior side of the tibia to the posterior side of the femur; helps prevent hyperextension of the knee and prevents the tibia from sliding too far forward

Posterior Cruciate Ligament

Runs from posterior side of tibia to anterior side of femur; prevents the tibia from moving posteriorly on the femur and prevents hyperextension

Actions at Knee Joint

Articulation Points at inferior articular surfaces of femoral condyles and superior articular surfaces of tibial condyles

Sagittal - flexion (bending), extension/hyperextension (straightening)

Frontal - no actions possible; your tibia can’t move left to right (collateral ligaments restrict this) (neutral position)

Transverse - not possible in close-packed/extended knee; with flexed/open-packed position, knee can’t twist inward or outward (rond de jambe en lair)

Actions at Hip Joint

Articulation points at ball and socket joint with head of femur and acetabulum of the pelvis

Sagittal - flexion (plie, bending at hip) and extension (standing up straight)

Frontal - moving away from midline (abduction) and moving towards (adduction)

Transverse - inward and outward rotation

Iliofemoral Ligament (“Y” Ligament)

Connects ilium and femur; when you’re resting and sinking into your hips, you’re resting all of your weight into your Y ligament

Pubofemoral Ligament

Connects pubis and femur bones

Ischiofemoral Ligament

Connects ischium and femur

Teres Ligament

Connects acetabulum to the head of the femur

Tibial Torsion

When tibia rotates externally; forces turned out walking position that causes bunions of big toe

Atlas and Axis

C1 and C2 vertebrae of the spine

Lumbosacral Joint

Between sacrum and 5th lumbar vertebrae

Atlantooccipital Joint

Between occipital bone and C1

Atlantoaxial Joint

Between atlas and axis bones

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Runs along anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs; prevents hyperextension of spine

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Runs along posterior surfaces of vertebral bodes and intervertebral discs; prevents hyperflexion of spine

Supraspinous Ligament

Connects all spinal processes from sacrum to C7; prevents separation of spinous processes during flexion and resists hyperflexion of the spine

Nuchal Ligament

Connects occipital bone to C7; prevents head from bobbing every time you move

Actions of Spine

Sagittal - flexion (bending forward) extension (standing up straight) and hyperextension (backend)

Frontal - right lateral flexion (bending to the right) and left lateral flexion (bending to the left)

Transverse - rotation to the right (twisting) and rotation to the left (twisting to the left)

Shoulder Girdle

Where clavicle and scapula meet; amphiarthrotic joint

Sternoclavicular Joint

Articulation point between sternum and clavicle

Actions of Scapula

Elevation - lifting shoulders up

Depression - pressing shoulders down

Abduction - bringing shoulder blades apart

Adduction - squeezing shoulder blades together

Upward Rotation - raising arms above shoulder level; rotating glenoid fossa upward

Downward Rotation - arms below shoulder level

Forward Tilt - bringing arms back; like tricep pulses

Return from Forward Tilt - returning arms from forward tilt

Actions of Shoulder Joint

Articulation point between head of humerus and glenoid fossa;

• flexion - bringing the arm up forward

• extension - keeping it by your side

• abduction - bringing the arm up to the side

• adduction - bringing arm in

• neutral - elbow pit is facing forward

• outward rotation - bringing elbow pit out

• inward rotation - elbow pit is in

• the direction of flexion - when the arm is going in a circle bringing the arm up first

• the direction of extension - when the arm is going in a circle going backward first

• the direction of abduction - circle bringing arm out first

• the direction of adduction - circle bringing the arm across first

Actions of Radioulnar Joint

Pronation - bones start parallel and cross

Supination - start crossed and uncross

Actions of Elbow Joint

Head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius; head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna

Flexion - bending elbow

Extension - straightening

Actions of Wrist Joint

Articulation point between first row of carpals and radius and ulna;

Flexion - wrist goes down

Extension - the wrist is “flexed”; if you do a plank, your wrists are in hyperextension

Adduction - bringing wrists in (in anatomical position);

• aka ulnar deviation because you’re bending towards the ulna side

Abduction - wrists go out;

• radial deviation because you’re bending toward the radius

Myotatic Reflex

“Stretch reflex”; when a muscle reaches its full length, there is an automatic reflex for the muscle to contract

Fusiform

“Iconic muscle shape”; the big belly of a muscle that thins into the tendons

Pennate

“feather shape” muscle

Convergent

“Radiant muscle” muscle converging to reach one point where they attach; pectoral muscles

Concentric Muscle Contraction

The force of muscle contraction is greater than the force of gravity; bicep curl up phase

Eccentric Muscle Contraction

The force of muscle contraction is less than the force of gravity; relaxing from a bicep curl or dropping from a jump

Isometric Muscle Contraction

Form of muscle contraction is equal to the force of gravity; muscle generates tension without changing shape or altering joint shape in any way

Flexor Hallucis Brevis

Produces flexion of big toe; found on plantar side of foot

Abductor Hallucis

Produces flexion and abduction of big toe; found on medial and plantar side of foot

Soleus

Found on posterior calf and plantar flexion; isolated in pique on straight leg because it is not attached to the knee

Gastrocnemius

Found on posterior calf and produces plantar flexion; stretched in straight leg calf stretch

Plantaris

Found on posterior calf and produces plantar flexion

Peroneus Longus

Synergist with peroneus brevis; produces pronation and plantar flexion

Peroneus Brevis

Works with peroneus longus as a synergist; produces pronation and plantar flexion

Tibialis Posterior

Found on posterior ankle and medial tarsus; produces supination and plantar flexion

Flexor Hallucis Brevis

Intrinsic muscle of the foot that produces flexion of big toe

Flexor Digitorum

Posterior side of calf and plantar side of foot; supination and plantar flexion

Tibialis Anterior

Crosses ankle at anterior side and tarsus medial side; produces dorsal flexion and supination

Extensor Hallucis Longus

Crosses ankle anterior, slightly medial tarsus, and dorsal toes; produces dorsal flexion, supination, and toe extension

Extensor Digitorum Longus

Crosses ankle anterior, tarsus lateral, and toes dorsal; produces dorsal flexion, pronation, and toe extension

Peroneus Tertius

Found on lateral, anterior side of ankle and lateral, dorsal side of foot; produces dorsal flexion and pronation

Medial Vastus

Found on medial, distal side of quads; assists with inward rotation and extends the knee

Intermediate Vastus

Found in between lateral and medial vasti; extends the knee

Lateral Vastus

Long muscle found don lateral side of quads; extends the knee and assists with outward rotation

Rectus Femoris

Connects from pelvic bones to knee on anterior side; produces hip flexion and knee extension

Biceps Femoris

2 headed muscle found on posterior side of upper leg that shares a tendon that connects with the fibula; produces extension of the hip, flexion of knee, and outward rotation of knee

Semitendinosus

Found on posterior side of upper leg; produces hip extension, inward rotation of knee, and flexion of knee

Semimembranosus

Found on posterior side of upper leg; produces flexion of knee and inward rotation

Popliteus

Short, deep muscle at the back of the knee; flexor of the knee, not a prime mover; if you over hyper-extended your knee, you can tear your popliteus

Iliacus

Produces flexion at hip and outward rotation; connects from lumbar vertebrae to head of femur

Psoas Major

Produces flexion at hip and outward rotation; connects from lumbar vertebrae to head of femur

Adductor Magnus

Fans along medial side of femur; produces adduction

Adductor Longus

Skinnier muscle that runs diagonally from pubis to middle of femur; produces adduction

Adductor Brevis

Runs from pubis to top of femur; produces adduction

Gracilis

Slender muscle that runs from pubic symphysis to top of tibia; assists with flexion, inward rotation, and adduction

Gluteus Maximus

Posterior of pelvic bones; all fibers run diagonally; produces hip extension, external rotation, abduction, and adduction of the thigh

6 Deep Rotators

Beneath gluteus maximus; only produce outward rotation in extended hip position

Gluteus Minimus

Triangular shaped muscle that fans on the posterior medial side of upper leg from pelvis bones to top of femur; produces abduction of hip and medial rotation

Tensor Fascia Lata

Wraps from front of hip to lateral side; produces abduction but also helps with keeping a turned in hip to the side

Transversalis

Deepest layers of abdominals; pulls in waistline; attaches to ribcage and pelvic bone; sucks your stomach in

Internal Oblique

Above transversalis but beneath external oblique; produces flexion and lateral flexion

External Oblique

Most superficial layer of oblique muscles; produces flexion and lateral flexion

Rectus Abdominis

“6 pack”; produces flexion of spine

What is the Erector Spinae?

Group of muscles that extend along the vertebrae

Semispinalis

Located in the upper part of the back and neck, lying deep to the trapezius muscle; helps in extending and rotating the vertebral column and head

Sternocleidomastoid

Runs along sternum and medial clavicle; like external and internal obliques how if you flex it, it’ll turn your head; this muscle is engaged when your weight is in your heels

Scalene

Triangular shaped muscles on the lateral sides of the neck; assist in lateral flexion of the neck, elevation of the first two ribs during deep inhalation, and also aid in rotation of the neck

Splenius Capitis

Muscle is located on the back of the neck, extending from the spinous processes of the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae to the mastoid process of the temporal bone; produces neck extension, lateral flexion, and neck rotation

Trapezius

Divided into sections: upper fibers (diagonally up), middle fibers (horizontally), lower fibers (diagonally down); upper: elevation and adduction; middle: adduction; lower: depression and adduction

Serratus Anterior

scapula; abduction and upward rotation; on the ribs

Pectoralis Major

Shoulder; divided into upper and lower; twists before connecting to the humerus; upper: adduction and inward rotation; lower: adduction and inward rotation and extension

Latissimus Dorsi

Shoulder; starts in the back and wraps around the humerus; extension, adduction, and inward rotation

Deltoids

Shoulder; anterior: flexion and inward rotation, middle: abduction, posterior: extension and outward rotation