APWKBAT #1

filial piety

practice of honoring one’s ancestors and parents

Patriarchy

eldest male is the head of the family, descent is traced through the male line

Foot binding

practice of shrinking women’s feet; prevalent in elite society because it was a status symbol for elite men (wife cannot walk → they have enough money to hire servants)

Civil service exam

bureaucracy only staffed with most qualified men; jobs based on merit, not connections

Scholarly Gentry

new social class emerged from civil service exam

Mandate of Heaven

ideology that states that heaven bestows its mandate on a virtuous leader

Eightfold Path

outlines the principles and practices that Buddhist must follow

Theravada

originated in Sri Lanka

Mahayana

originated in China

Tibetan

originated in Tibet

Commercialization

produced more goods than they needed, sold excess for money

Champa rice

drought resistant, harvestable twice a year (doubled agricultural production)

Woodblock Printing

type of printing in which text is carved into a block of wood that is coated with ink and pressed on paper

Grand Canal

Connected Yellow, Yangtze river → made trade amongst different regions cheap

Magnetic compass

improved navigation on water, facilitated sea-based trade

Stern-mounted Rudders

ship design that made navigation more accurate

Judaism

ethnic religions of Jews

Christianity

established by Jewish prophet Jesus Christ

Islam

founded by prophet Muhammad on Arabian Peninsula

Abbasid Caliphate

ethnically Arab

Seljuk Empire

established in Central Asia

Mamluk Sultanate

established in Egypt

Delhi Sultanate

originated in South Asia

Sharia Law

a code of laws established in the Quran

Sufism

emphasized mystical experience

House of Wisdom

established in Baghdad during golden age of Islam

Hinduism

most dominant in India

Caste System

Organized society

Buddhism

founded in India

Bhakti Movement

Encouraged believers to worship one god

Rajput Kingdoms

a rival Hindu kingdoms since before muslim rule in Northern India

Vijayanagara Empire

powerful Hindu Empire in the south

Srivijaya Empire

Buddhist state that was heavily influenced by Hindu culture

Mayan city-states

decentralized collection of Mayan city-states were frequently at war each other

Aztec Empire

consolidated a lot of power and territory through military power

Tributary system

gained power through tribute (food, animals, goods)

Chinampas

floating gardens built on a lake to increase space for food production

Incan Empire

Outsiders who rose to power via military skill

Mit’a System

required labor of all people for a period of time to work on state projects (ex. Mining or military service)

Mississipian culture

very fertile soil → agriculture

Cahokia

most well known mounds in Mississipian culture

Hausa Kingdoms

collection of politically independent city-states that gained power and wealth through trade across Trans-Saharan Trade Network

Zanj Rebellion

a series of rebellions in East Africa led by enslaved Africans working on sugar plantations

Reconquista

Christian leaders drove Muslims out of Spain

Crusades

Roman Catholic Church provided occasions for European christians to fight Muslims

feudalism

Social, political, economic order was organized

Manorialism

peasants were bound to land and worked in exchange for protection from the lord and military forces

Serfs(serfdom)

peasants who were bound the land and manor (different than slaves because they were not owned)

Silk Roads

A vast network of roads and trails that facilitated trade

Cultural diffusion

Helped spread culture and ideas across Eurasia

Luxury goods

Mainly luxury goods were exchanged - best way to earn most profit

Money economy

China started using paper money

Credit

Instead of paper money, merchants secured pieces of paper from merchant families and exchanged it for money

Bill of Exchange

Receive amount of money equal to the bill

Caravanserai

Series of inns and guesthouses

Saddles

Made riding easier over long distances

Kashgar

Eastern end of China

Samarkand

Central Asia

Silk and porcelain

Silk and porcelain

Proto-industrialization

Process by which China began producing more goods than the population could consume; excess was sold in distant markets

Temujin (Chinggis Khan/ Ghengis Khan)

Skillful leader; united Mongol groups under himself

Siege weapons

Portable towers used to attack forts

Pax Mongolica

Period of peace after Mongols conquered several regions; made silk roads safer

Mongol Khanates

Mongol Khanates

Kublai Khan

Set up new Chinese Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty

IlKhanate

Khanate built by Hulegu Khan; located in Persia and parts of Middle East

Golden Horde

Khanate built by Batu Khan; located in Russia and Europe

White Lotus Society

Secret White Lotus Society organized to put an end to Yuan Dynasty

Zhu Yuanzhang

Monk from poor peasant family) overthrew Yuan Dynasty and founded Ming Dynasty

Uyghur Script

Ghengis Khan thought Mongolian language needed to have a written form. Became widely accepted language in empire

Indian Ocean Trade

Network of sea routes that connected various states throughout Afro-Eurasia through trade

Magnetic compass

Helps sailors navigate

Astrolabe

Tool used to measure stars and distance

Lateen sail

Allowed ships to take wind in almost any direction

Monsoon winds

Predictably blew in different directions depending on the time of the year

Junk

Massive ship that carried lots of cargo

Dhows

Improved Arab ships that could haul even more cargo

Swahili City-States

Grew powerful because of their strategic location

Sultanate of Malacca

Controlled Strait of Malacca (eastern entry and exit way for network), allowing them to get rich and expand power by taxing ships

Gujarat

Gujarat

Diasporic communities

Diaspora = “disperse”

Ming Admiral Zheng He

Ming Admiral Zheng He

Gunpowder cannons

Used gunpowder cannons

Trans-Saharan Trade Network

Series of trade routes that connected North Africa and the Mediterranean world with interior of West Africa and the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa

Arabian camel

Arabian camel

Camel Saddles

Camel Saddles

Caravanserai

Rest stops for merchants

Empire of Mali

Empire of Mali

Mansa Musa

Most powerful and influential leader

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Ibn Battuta

Ibn Battuta

Marco Polo

Marco Polo

Margery Kemp

Margery Kemp

bubonic plague (black death)

Spread of the Bubonic

Gunpowder Empires

Land-based empires expanding geographically through the adoption of gunpowder weapons.

Ottoman Empire

Significant Muslim empire with strategic control of Dardanelles, adoption of gunpowder weapons, and control of Constantinople (Istanbul).

Mehmed II

Ottoman Sultan who seized control of Constantinople.

Safavid Empire

Empire created out of former Muslim empires.

Shah Ismail

Leader of Safavid Empire who declared it a Shi’a Muslim state.

Shi’a

Sect of Islam believing Muhammad’s true successor must be a blood relative.