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filial piety
practice of honoring one’s ancestors and parents
Patriarchy
eldest male is the head of the family, descent is traced through the male line
Foot binding
practice of shrinking women’s feet; prevalent in elite society because it was a status symbol for elite men (wife cannot walk → they have enough money to hire servants)
Civil service exam
bureaucracy only staffed with most qualified men; jobs based on merit, not connections
Scholarly Gentry
new social class emerged from civil service exam
Mandate of Heaven
ideology that states that heaven bestows its mandate on a virtuous leader
Eightfold Path
outlines the principles and practices that Buddhist must follow
Theravada
originated in Sri Lanka
Mahayana
originated in China
Tibetan
originated in Tibet
Commercialization
produced more goods than they needed, sold excess for money
Champa rice
drought resistant, harvestable twice a year (doubled agricultural production)
Woodblock Printing
type of printing in which text is carved into a block of wood that is coated with ink and pressed on paper
Grand Canal
Connected Yellow, Yangtze river → made trade amongst different regions cheap
Magnetic compass
improved navigation on water, facilitated sea-based trade
Stern-mounted Rudders
ship design that made navigation more accurate
Judaism
ethnic religions of Jews
Christianity
established by Jewish prophet Jesus Christ
Islam
founded by prophet Muhammad on Arabian Peninsula
Abbasid Caliphate
ethnically Arab
Seljuk Empire
established in Central Asia
Mamluk Sultanate
established in Egypt
Delhi Sultanate
originated in South Asia
Sharia Law
a code of laws established in the Quran
Sufism
emphasized mystical experience
House of Wisdom
established in Baghdad during golden age of Islam
Hinduism
most dominant in India
Caste System
Organized society
Buddhism
founded in India
Bhakti Movement
Encouraged believers to worship one god
Rajput Kingdoms
a rival Hindu kingdoms since before muslim rule in Northern India
Vijayanagara Empire
powerful Hindu Empire in the south
Srivijaya Empire
Buddhist state that was heavily influenced by Hindu culture
Mayan city-states
decentralized collection of Mayan city-states were frequently at war each other
Aztec Empire
consolidated a lot of power and territory through military power
Tributary system
gained power through tribute (food, animals, goods)
Chinampas
floating gardens built on a lake to increase space for food production
Incan Empire
Outsiders who rose to power via military skill
Mit’a System
required labor of all people for a period of time to work on state projects (ex. Mining or military service)
Mississipian culture
very fertile soil → agriculture
Cahokia
most well known mounds in Mississipian culture
Hausa Kingdoms
collection of politically independent city-states that gained power and wealth through trade across Trans-Saharan Trade Network
Zanj Rebellion
a series of rebellions in East Africa led by enslaved Africans working on sugar plantations
Reconquista
Christian leaders drove Muslims out of Spain
Crusades
Roman Catholic Church provided occasions for European christians to fight Muslims
feudalism
Social, political, economic order was organized
Manorialism
peasants were bound to land and worked in exchange for protection from the lord and military forces
Serfs(serfdom)
peasants who were bound the land and manor (different than slaves because they were not owned)
Silk Roads
A vast network of roads and trails that facilitated trade
Cultural diffusion
Helped spread culture and ideas across Eurasia
Luxury goods
Mainly luxury goods were exchanged - best way to earn most profit
Money economy
China started using paper money
Credit
Instead of paper money, merchants secured pieces of paper from merchant families and exchanged it for money
Bill of Exchange
Receive amount of money equal to the bill
Caravanserai
Series of inns and guesthouses
Saddles
Made riding easier over long distances
Kashgar
Eastern end of China
Samarkand
Central Asia
Silk and porcelain
Silk and porcelain
Proto-industrialization
Process by which China began producing more goods than the population could consume; excess was sold in distant markets
Temujin (Chinggis Khan/ Ghengis Khan)
Skillful leader; united Mongol groups under himself
Siege weapons
Portable towers used to attack forts
Pax Mongolica
Period of peace after Mongols conquered several regions; made silk roads safer
Mongol Khanates
Mongol Khanates
Kublai Khan
Set up new Chinese Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty
IlKhanate
Khanate built by Hulegu Khan; located in Persia and parts of Middle East
Golden Horde
Khanate built by Batu Khan; located in Russia and Europe
White Lotus Society
Secret White Lotus Society organized to put an end to Yuan Dynasty
Zhu Yuanzhang
Monk from poor peasant family) overthrew Yuan Dynasty and founded Ming Dynasty
Uyghur Script
Ghengis Khan thought Mongolian language needed to have a written form. Became widely accepted language in empire
Indian Ocean Trade
Network of sea routes that connected various states throughout Afro-Eurasia through trade
Magnetic compass
Helps sailors navigate
Astrolabe
Tool used to measure stars and distance
Lateen sail
Allowed ships to take wind in almost any direction
Monsoon winds
Predictably blew in different directions depending on the time of the year
Junk
Massive ship that carried lots of cargo
Dhows
Improved Arab ships that could haul even more cargo
Swahili City-States
Grew powerful because of their strategic location
Sultanate of Malacca
Controlled Strait of Malacca (eastern entry and exit way for network), allowing them to get rich and expand power by taxing ships
Gujarat
Gujarat
Diasporic communities
Diaspora = “disperse”
Ming Admiral Zheng He
Ming Admiral Zheng He
Gunpowder cannons
Used gunpowder cannons
Trans-Saharan Trade Network
Series of trade routes that connected North Africa and the Mediterranean world with interior of West Africa and the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa
Arabian camel
Arabian camel
Camel Saddles
Camel Saddles
Caravanserai
Rest stops for merchants
Empire of Mali
Empire of Mali
Mansa Musa
Most powerful and influential leader
Hajj
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Ibn Battuta
Ibn Battuta
Marco Polo
Marco Polo
Margery Kemp
Margery Kemp
bubonic plague (black death)
Spread of the Bubonic
Gunpowder Empires
Land-based empires expanding geographically through the adoption of gunpowder weapons.
Ottoman Empire
Significant Muslim empire with strategic control of Dardanelles, adoption of gunpowder weapons, and control of Constantinople (Istanbul).
Mehmed II
Ottoman Sultan who seized control of Constantinople.
Safavid Empire
Empire created out of former Muslim empires.
Shah Ismail
Leader of Safavid Empire who declared it a Shi’a Muslim state.
Shi’a
Sect of Islam believing Muhammad’s true successor must be a blood relative.