APWKBAT #1

Flashcard #1
Term: filial piety
Definition: practice of honoring one’s ancestors and parents

Flashcard #2
Term: Patriarchy
Definition: eldest male is the head of the family, descent is traced through the male line

Flashcard #3
Term: Foot binding
Definition: practice of shrinking women’s feet; prevalent in elite society because it was a status symbol for elite men (wife cannot walk → they have enough money to hire servants)

Flashcard #4
Term: Civil service exam
Definition: bureaucracy only staffed with most qualified men; jobs based on merit, not connections

Flashcard #5
Term: Scholarly Gentry
Definition: new social class emerged from civil service exam

Flashcard #6
Term: Mandate of Heaven
Definition: ideology that states that heaven bestows its mandate on a virtuous leader

Flashcard #7
Term: Eightfold Path
Definition: outlines the principles and practices that Buddhist must follow

Flashcard #8
Term: Theravada
Definition: originated in Sri Lanka

Flashcard #9
Term: Mahayana
Definition: originated in China

Flashcard #10
Term: Tibetan
Definition: originated in Tibet

Flashcard #11
Term: Commercialization
Definition: produced more goods than they needed, sold excess for money

Flashcard #12
Term: Champa rice
Definition: drought resistant, harvestable twice a year (doubled agricultural production)

Flashcard #13
Term: Woodblock Printing
Definition: type of printing in which text is carved into a block of wood that is coated with ink and pressed on paper

Flashcard #14
Term: Grand Canal
Definition: Connected Yellow, Yangtze river → made trade amongst different regions cheap

Flashcard #15
Term: Magnetic compass
Definition: improved navigation on water, facilitated sea-based trade

Flashcard #16
Term: Stern-mounted Rudders
Definition: ship design that made navigation more accurate

Flashcard #17
Term: Judaism
Definition: ethnic religions of Jews

Flashcard #18
Term: Christianity
Definition: established by Jewish prophet Jesus Christ

Flashcard #19
Term: Islam
Definition: founded by prophet Muhammad on Arabian Peninsula

Flashcard #20
Term: Abbasid Caliphate
Definition: ethnically Arab

Flashcard #21
Term: Seljuk Empire
Definition: established in Central Asia

Flashcard #22
Term: Mamluk Sultanate
Definition: established in Egypt

Flashcard #23
Term: Delhi Sultanate
Definition: originated in South Asia

Flashcard #24
Term: Sharia Law
Definition: a code of laws established in the Quran

Flashcard #25
Term: Sufism
Definition: emphasized mystical experience

Flashcard #26
Term: House of Wisdom
Definition: established in Baghdad during golden age of Islam

Flashcard #27
Term: Hinduism
Definition: most dominant in India

Flashcard #28
Term: Caste System
Definition: Organized society

Flashcard #29
Term: Buddhism
Definition: founded in India

Flashcard #30
Term: Bhakti Movement
Definition: Encouraged believers to worship one god

Flashcard #31
Term: Rajput Kingdoms
Definition: a rival Hindu kingdoms since before muslim rule in Northern India

Flashcard #32
Term: Vijayanagara Empire
Definition: powerful Hindu Empire in the south

Flashcard #33
Term: Srivijaya Empire
Definition: Buddhist state that was heavily influenced by Hindu culture

Flashcard #34
Term: Mayan city-states
Definition: decentralized collection of Mayan city-states were frequently at war each other

Flashcard #35
Term: Aztec Empire
Definition: consolidated a lot of power and territory through military power

Flashcard #36
Term: Tributary system
Definition: gained power through tribute (food, animals, goods)

Flashcard #37
Term: Chinampas
Definition: floating gardens built on a lake to increase space for food production

Flashcard #38
Term: Incan Empire
Definition: Outsiders who rose to power via military skill

Flashcard #39
Term: Mit’a System
Definition: required labor of all people for a period of time to work on state projects (ex. Mining or military service)

Flashcard #40
Term: Mississipian culture
Definition: very fertile soil → agriculture

Flashcard #41
Term: Cahokia
Definition: most well known mounds in Mississipian culture

Flashcard #42
Term: Hausa Kingdoms
Definition: collection of politically independent city-states that gained power and wealth through trade across Trans-Saharan Trade Network

Flashcard #43
Term: Zanj Rebellion
Definition: a series of rebellions in East Africa led by enslaved Africans working on sugar plantations

Flashcard #44
Term: Reconquista
Definition: Christian leaders drove Muslims out of Spain

Flashcard #45
Term: Crusades
Definition: Roman Catholic Church provided occasions for European christians to fight Muslims

Flashcard #46
Term: feudalism
Definition: Social, political, economic order was organized

Flashcard #47
Term: Manorialism
Definition: peasants were bound to land and worked in exchange for protection from the lord and military forces

Flashcard #48
Term: Serfs(serfdom)
Definition: peasants who were bound the land and manor (different than slaves because they were not owned)

Flashcard #1
Term: Silk Roads
Definition: A vast network of roads and trails that facilitated trade

Flashcard #2
Term: Cultural diffusion
Definition: Helped spread culture and ideas across Eurasia

Flashcard #3
Term: Luxury goods
Definition: Mainly luxury goods were exchanged - best way to earn most profit

Flashcard #4
Term: Money economy
Definition: China started using paper money

Flashcard #5
Term: Credit
Definition: Instead of paper money, merchants secured pieces of paper from merchant families and exchanged it for money

Flashcard #6
Term: Bill of Exchange
Definition: Receive amount of money equal to the bill

Flashcard #7
Term: Caravanserai
Definition: Series of inns and guesthouses

Flashcard #8
Term: Saddles
Definition: Made riding easier over long distances

Flashcard #9
Term: Kashgar
Definition: Eastern end of China

Flashcard #10
Term: Samarkand
Definition: Central Asia

Flashcard #11
Term: Silk and porcelain
Definition: Silk and porcelain

Flashcard #12
Term: Proto-industrialization
Definition: Process by which China began producing more goods than the population could consume; excess was sold in distant markets

Flashcard #13
Term: Temujin (Chinggis Khan/ Ghengis Khan)
Definition: Skillful leader; united Mongol groups under himself

Flashcard #14
Term: Siege weapons
Definition: Portable towers used to attack forts

Flashcard #15
Term: Pax Mongolica
Definition: Period of peace after Mongols conquered several regions; made silk roads safer

Flashcard #16
Term: Mongol Khanates
Definition: Mongol Khanates

Flashcard #17
Term: Kublai Khan
Definition: Set up new Chinese Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty

Flashcard #18
Term: IlKhanate
Definition: Khanate built by Hulegu Khan; located in Persia and parts of Middle East

Flashcard #19
Term: Golden Horde
Definition: Khanate built by Batu Khan; located in Russia and Europe

Flashcard #20
Term: White Lotus Society
Definition: Secret White Lotus Society organized to put an end to Yuan Dynasty

Flashcard #21
Term: Zhu Yuanzhang
Definition: Monk from poor peasant family) overthrew Yuan Dynasty and founded Ming Dynasty

Flashcard #22
Term: Uyghur Script
Definition: Ghengis Khan thought Mongolian language needed to have a written form. Became widely accepted language in empire

Flashcard #23
Term: Indian Ocean Trade
Definition: Network of sea routes that connected various states throughout Afro-Eurasia through trade

Flashcard #24
Term: Magnetic compass
Definition: Helps sailors navigate

Flashcard #25
Term: Astrolabe
Definition: Tool used to measure stars and distance

Flashcard #26
Term: Lateen sail
Definition: Allowed ships to take wind in almost any direction

Flashcard #27
Term: Monsoon winds
Definition: Predictably blew in different directions depending on the time of the year

Flashcard #28
Term: Junk
Definition: Massive ship that carried lots of cargo

Flashcard #29
Term: Dhows
Definition: Improved Arab ships that could haul even more cargo

Flashcard #30
Term: Swahili City-States
Definition: Grew powerful because of their strategic location

Flashcard #31
Term: Sultanate of Malacca
Definition: Controlled Strait of Malacca (eastern entry and exit way for network), allowing them to get rich and expand power by taxing ships

Flashcard #32
Term: Gujarat
Definition: Gujarat

Flashcard #33
Term: Diasporic communities
Definition: Diaspora = “disperse”

Flashcard #34
Term: Ming Admiral Zheng He
Definition: Ming Admiral Zheng He

Flashcard #35
Term: Gunpowder cannons
Definition: Used gunpowder cannons

Flashcard #36
Term: Trans-Saharan Trade Network
Definition: Series of trade routes that connected North Africa and the Mediterranean world with interior of West Africa and the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa

Flashcard #37
Term: Arabian camel
Definition: Arabian camel

Flashcard #38
Term: Camel Saddles
Definition: Camel Saddles

Flashcard #39
Term: Caravanserai
Definition: Rest stops for merchants

Flashcard #40
Term: Empire of Mali
Definition: Empire of Mali

Flashcard #41
Term: Mansa Musa
Definition: Most powerful and influential leader

Flashcard #42
Term: Hajj
Definition: Pilgrimage to Mecca

Flashcard #43
Term: Ibn Battuta
Definition: Ibn Battuta

Flashcard #44
Term: Marco Polo
Definition: Marco Polo

Flashcard #45
Term: Margery Kemp
Definition: Margery Kemp

Flashcard #46
Term: bubonic plague (black death)
Definition: Spread of the Bubonic

Flashcard #1
Term: Gunpowder Empires
Definition: Land-based empires expanding geographically through the adoption of gunpowder weapons.

Flashcard #2
Term: Ottoman Empire
Definition: Significant Muslim empire with strategic control of Dardanelles, adoption of gunpowder weapons, and control of Constantinople (Istanbul).

Flashcard #3
Term: Mehmed II
Definition: Ottoman Sultan who seized control of Constantinople.

Flashcard #4
Term: Safavid Empire
Definition: Empire created out of former Muslim empires.

Flashcard #5
Term: Shah Ismail
Definition: Leader of Safavid Empire who declared it a Shi’a Muslim state.

Flashcard #6
Term: Shi’a
Definition: Sect of Islam believing Muhammad’s true successor must be a blood relative.

Flashcard #7
Term: Sunni
Definition: Sect of Islam believing Muhammad’s true successor could be elected by the people.

Flashcard #8
Term: Shah Abbas
Definition: Safavid military leader who adopted gunpowder weapons and expanded the empire.

Flashcard #9
Term: Mughal Empire
Definition: Empire that replaced Delhi Sultanate in India with a majority Hindu population under Muslim rule.

Flashcard #10
Term: Babur
Definition: Mughal leader who expanded the empire through military gunpowder weapons.

Flashcard #11
Term: Akbar
Definition: Babur’s grandson; religiously tolerant to Hindus.

Flashcard #12
Term: Jizya Tax
Definition: Tax on non-Muslims; dismantled by Akbar but reinstated by Aurangzeb.

Flashcard #13
Term: Aurangzeb
Definition: Religiously intolerant Mughal ruler who reinstated the Jizya Tax.

Flashcard #14
Term: Qing Dynasty
Definition: Dynasty formed after the Ming Dynasty fell apart, formed by the Manchu.

Flashcard #15
Term: Manchu
Definition: Group that invaded the Ming Dynasty to form the Qing Dynasty; not ethnically Han.

Flashcard #16
Term: Safavid-Mughal Conflict
Definition: Series of wars fought between Safavids and Mughals, driven by religious beliefs and political goals, with no clear victory.

Flashcard #17
Term: Songhai-Moroccan Conflict
Definition: Conflict where the Moroccan Kingdom took control of the Songhai Empire due to Morocco's gunpowder advantage.

Flashcard #18
Term: Bureaucratic Elites
Definition: Body of government officials responsible for administering the empire and ensuring laws are being kept.

Flashcard #19
Term: Devshirme System
Definition: Ottoman system of staffing the imperial bureaucracy with highly trained individuals, often enslaved Christian boys.

Flashcard #20
Term: Janissaries
Definition: Elite soldiers supplied by the Devshirme system; formed core of Ottoman standing army.

Flashcard #21
Term: Daimyo
Definition: Japanese feudal lords who had armies of Japanese warriors (Samurai) who were salaried.

Flashcard #22
Term: Samurai
Definition: Japanese warriors who were salaried and served the Daimyo.

Flashcard #23
Term: Divine Right of Kings
Definition: European monarchs' claim that they ruled with the approval of Jesus Christ.

Flashcard #24
Term: Kangxi Imperial Portraits
Definition: Portraits used by the Qing Dynasty's Kangxi to convince the Chinese that he was a legitimate ruler.

Flashcard #25
Term: Palace of Versailles
Definition: Palace built by King Louis XIV to consolidate power by forcing French nobility to live there.

Flashcard #26
Term: Zamindar System
Definition: Mughal Empire taxation system where officials were elected to collect taxes on behalf of the emperor.

Flashcard #27
Term: Mansabdar System
Definition: System where the emperor gave a Mansabdar (military officer) the right to tax people in their area.

Flashcard #28
Term: Tax Farming
Definition: Ottoman Empire taxation system where officials collected taxes and enriched themselves by collecting more taxes than legally required.

Flashcard #29
Term: Millet System
Definition: System that gave non-Muslim groups a limited amount of power in the Ottoman Empire, allowing each "millet" to set their own laws and collect their own taxes.

Flashcard #30
Term: Tribute Lists
Definition: Mexica had extensive tributary arrangements from the people they conquered. An Aztec official was stationed in each capital to collect tributes.

Flashcard #31
Term: Great Schism
Definition: Split of Christianity into two branches: Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic.

Flashcard #32
Term: Simony
Definition: The practice of people buying their way into positions of power in the church.

Flashcard #33
Term: Sale of Indulgences
Definition: The practice of people paying money to get sins forgiven.

Flashcard #34
Term: Martin Luther
Definition: German monk who wrote 95 Theses, a series of complaints announcing corrupt church practices.

Flashcard #35
Term: 95 Theses
Definition: Series of complaints written by Martin Luther announcing corrupt church practices.

Flashcard #36
Term: Protestant Reformation
Definition: Division of Christianity marking a break with existing Christian traditions, influenced by Martin Luther.

Flashcard #37
Term: Counter Reformation
Definition: The Church's response to oppose the Protestant Reformation.

Flashcard #38
Term: Council of Trent
Definition: Series of meetings where the Church answered Protestant questions but still emphasized church power.

Flashcard #39
Term: Bhakti Movement
Definition: Innovation of Hinduism that emphasized mystical experiences, helping religions blend in South Asia.

Flashcard #40
Term: Sufism
Definition: Innovation of Islam that emphasized mystical experiences, helping religions blend in South Asia.

Flashcard #41
Term: Sikhism
Definition: Blend of Hinduism and Islam, with monotheistic beliefs and discarding gender hierarchies and the caste system.

Flashcard #1
Term: gunpowder
Definition: Land-based empires grew because of this

Flashcard #2
Term: maritime technology
Definition: Sea-based empires grew because of this

Flashcard #3
Term: astronomical charts
Definition: charts of the stars

Flashcard #4
Term: astrolabe
Definition: instrument formerly used to make astronomical measurements, typically of the altitudes of celestial bodies, and in navigation for calculating latitude, now replaced by GPS.

Flashcard #5
Term: magnetic compass
Definition: a device that is used to find direction by using a needle that always points north

Flashcard #6
Term: lateen sails
Definition: triangular sail on a long yard at an angle of 45° to the mast.

Flashcard #7
Term: caravel
Definition: new ship design that was much smaller, easier to navigate along coastlines and rivers, and faster

Flashcard #8
Term: fluyt
Definition: new ship design that was exclusively for trade (built with larger cargo base that could carry more tradable goods)

Flashcard #9
Term: mercantilism
Definition: states economy ran by this : maximize exports, minimize imports

Flashcard #10
Term: Bartolomeu Dias
Definition: sailed all the way to the tip of Southern Africa and returned home

Flashcard #11
Term: trading post empire
Definition: empire that focuses on ruling over trade, rather than the people

Flashcard #12
Term: Christopher Columbus
Definition: sent to find new westward route to Asia for gold and silver

Flashcard #13
Term: Columbian Exchange
Definition: exchange of new plants, animals, and diseases the Eastern and Western hemispheres establish connections

Flashcard #14
Term: Smallpox
Definition: airborne disease that originated in Europe and spread in the Americas after European exploration

Flashcard #15
Term: plantations
Definition: plot of land owned by wealthy landowners, mostly used for labor

Flashcard #16
Term: Engenhos
Definition: Portuguese translation for “engines”

Flashcard #17
Term: Isolationist Trade Policy
Definition: Asian states sought to limit disruptive economic and cultural effects of European-dominated trade

Flashcard #18
Term: Tokugawa
Definition: closed off all trade with Europeans as Christian influence started to grow among Japanese people

Flashcard #19
Term: Ming China
Definition: emphasized Confucian focus

Flashcard #20
Term: Treaty of Tordesillas
Definition: Portugal controls all land east of the Meridian land, Spanish controlled all land west

Flashcard #21
Term: Hacienda
Definition: Spanish government granted Haciendas (land holdings) to Conquistadors and Spanish nobles who were willing to make the journey across the sea; once traveled, they had the freedom to control the land however they wanted to

Flashcard #22
Term: Encomienda
Definition: system of labor where beneficiary of land ownership was responsible for a certain number of Natives

Flashcard #23
Term: Mit’a System
Definition: compelled native villages to send a portion of their men to work on silver mines

Flashcard #24
Term: Chattel Slavery
Definition: actual form of slavery; “chattel” = property. People owned people

Flashcard #25
Term: Indentured Servitude
Definition: people had to work for a certain number of years in order to be free

Flashcard #26
Term: Plantation Economy
Definition: economy dependent on plantations and enslavement

Flashcard #27
Term: polygyny
Definition: one man takes several wives

Flashcard #28
Term: Mercantilism
Definition: Assumed that there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world

Flashcard #29
Term: Monopoly
Definition: when one entity has complete domination over a market

Flashcard #30
Term: Joint-Stock Companies
Definition: exploration and the expansion of empires was financed not by a government but by private investors who pulled their money together

Flashcard #31
Term: Commercial Revolution
Definition: goods are being traded for gold and silver, not for other goods

Flashcard #32
Term: Triangular Trade
Definition: massive trading network between Europe, West Africa, and Americas

Flashcard #33
Term: syncretic beliefs
Definition: mixing of two different religions into one

Flashcard #34
Term: Santeria
Definition: “the way of the saints,” originally African faith, traveled throughout Latin and North America

Flashcard #35
Term: Vodun
Definition: “spirit” or “deity,” originated with enslaved African people of Dahomey, Kongo, Yoruba who were living in Haiti

Flashcard #36
Term: Virgin of Guadalupe
Definition: revered for her ability to perform miracles in Mexico

Flashcard #37
Term: Queen Nzinga
Definition: Queen of Kongo entered into agreement with Portugal, in which Portugal would cease slave raids and protect her neighboring tribes

Flashcard #38
Term: Cossack Revolts
Definition: runaway serfs (peasants/slaves), called this, rose up in rebellion against serfdom, but were eventually crushed by the superior power of the Russian state

Flashcard #39
Term: Pueblo Revolts
Definition: Native Americans grew tired of Spanish forcing conversion to Christianity and killed hundreds of Spanish colonizers

Flashcard #40
Term: Glorious Revolution
Definition: a group of English nobles overthrew King James II (anti-protestant) and the throne was replaced by Mary II (his daughter) and her husband

Flashcard #41
Term: Maroon wars
Definition: English defeated Spanish colonists and took control of Jamaica

Flashcard #42
Term: timar system
Definition: sultan granted land or tax revenues to those he favored

Flashcard #43
Term: Jizya Tax
Definition: Still had to pay this

Flashcard #44
Term: Harem Politics
Definition: sultan’s wives and concubines grew wealthy by promoting their sons into positions of power

Flashcard #45
Term: Boyars
Definition: Russian nobility

Flashcard #46
Term: Creoles
Definition: Europeans born in Americas

Flashcard #1
Term: Enlightenment
Definition: An intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalist and empiricist approaches to both the natural world and human relationships

Flashcard #2
Term: Rationalism
Definition: Reason, rather than emotion or any external authority, is the most reliable source of true knowledge

Flashcard #3
Term: Empiricism
Definition: The idea that true knowledge is gained through the senses, mainly through experience

Flashcard #4
Term: Deism
Definition: Believed that there was a God who created the world, but no longer intervened with the order of empires

Flashcard #5
Term: Natural Rights
Definition: Individual humans are born with certain rights that cannot be taken away by governments or any other entity

Flashcard #6
Term: Social Contract
Definition: Human societies, endowed with natural rights, must construct a government that will protect their natural rights

Flashcard #7
Term: Laissez-faire
Definition: “leave alone” ; governments should reduce intervention in economic decisions

Flashcard #8
Term: Capitalism
Definition: Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and are operated for profit

Flashcard #9
Term: Nationalism
Definition: A sense of commonality among people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desire for territory

Flashcard #10
Term: Suffrage
Definition: Right to vote

Flashcard #11
Term: Feminism
Definition: Movement that demanded rights for women, challenging political and gender hierarchies

Flashcard #12
Term: Popular Sovereignty
Definition: Power to govern is in hands of the people

Flashcard #13
Term: Liberalism
Definition: Economic and political ideology that emphasized the protection of civil rights, representative government, protection of private property, economic freedom (free from oppressive government)

Flashcard #14
Term: Ancien Regime
Definition: (began in 1789) period of oppressive monarchy under King Louis XVI (lacked ability to govern)

Flashcard #15
Term: Realpolitik
Definition: Used by Otto Von Bismarck; using military power rather than diplomatic means

Flashcard #16
Term: Ottomanism
Definition: A movement that aimed to create a more modern and unified state in the Ottoman Empire

Flashcard #1
Term: Industrial Revolution
Definition: the process by which states transitioned from primarily agrarian economies to industrial economies

Flashcard #2
Term: Agricultural Revolution
Definition: the amount of food grown on farms increased significantly

Flashcard #3
Term: Crop Rotation
Definition: kept part of the land unplanted, so the fertility of the soil would be maintained

Flashcard #4
Term: Seed Drill
Definition: ensured seeds could be planted more efficiently and accurately → less waste, greater harvests

Flashcard #5
Term: urbanization
Definition: Massive migration to urban areas to find jobs

Flashcard #6
Term: Factory System
Definition: environment that concentrated production in a single location

Flashcard #7
Term: Steam Engine
Definition: machine that converted fossil fuel into mechanical energy

Flashcard #8
Term: Trans-Siberian Railroad
Definition: stretched from Moscow to Pacific Ocean

Flashcard #9
Term: Meiji Restoration
Definition: borrowed western technology and became industrial power

Flashcard #10
Term: Bessemer Process
Definition: combined iron with carbon and blasted hot air into it to create steel

Flashcard #11
Term: Vulcanization
Definition: made rubber harder and more durable

Flashcard #12
Term: tariffs
Definition: taxes on imported goods

Flashcard #13
Term: Jeremy Bentham
Definition: argued the cure for suffering of the working class and society was not free market, but government legislation

Flashcard #14
Term: middle class
Definition: Emergence of

Flashcard #15
Term: labor unions
Definition: collective of workers who joined together in order to protect their own interests

Flashcard #16
Term: Karl Marx
Definition: German philosopher who believed that capitalism was unstable by nature

Flashcard #17
Term: Communist Manifesto
Definition: Published

Flashcard #18
Term: Bourgeoisie
Definition: owned means of production (the elite)

Flashcard #19
Term: Proletariat
Definition: exploited by the bourgeoisie (working class)

Flashcard #20
Term: Self Strengthening Movement
Definition: series of reforms to industrialize and revitalize culture

Flashcard #21
Term: Tanzimat Reforms
Definition: Built textile factories

Flashcard #22
Term: Young Ottomans
Definition: desired European style parliament and constitutional government that would limit the power of absolutist sultans

Flashcard #23
Term: Working class
Definition: made up of factory workers and miners

Flashcard #24
Term: interchangeable parts
Definition: Performed unskilled labor (seen as

Flashcard #25
Term: tenements
Definition: Crowded living conditions in

Flashcard #26
Term: Middle class
Definition: wealthy factory owners, managers, lawyers, doctors, teachers

Flashcard #27
Term: white collar workers
Definition: Known as

Flashcard #28
Term: Industrialists
Definition: industrial corporation owners

Flashcard #1
Term: Nationalism
Definition: a sense of commonality among people based on shared language, religion, social customs

Flashcard #2
Term: Scientific racism
Definition: idea that humans can be hierarchically ranked in distinct biological classes based on race

Flashcard #3
Term: Phrenology
Definition: study of the shape and size of the skull

Flashcard #4
Term: Social Darwinism
Definition: species currently in existence evolved from lower life forms over a long period of time through natural selection

Flashcard #5
Term: Belgium Congo
Definition: in Africa: private colony held by King Leopold II

Flashcard #6
Term: King Leopold II
Definition: held Belgium Congo as private colony

Flashcard #7
Term: rubber
Definition: product that indigenous workers in Belgium Congo were brutally exploited for

Flashcard #8
Term: Diplomacy
Definition: act of making political agreements by means of dialogue and negotiation and not warfare

Flashcard #9
Term: Scramble for Africa
Definition: rapid conquest of Africa by European nations

Flashcard #10
Term: Berlin Conference
Definition: Otto Von Bismarck called major European powers to negotiate the share of Africa

Flashcard #11
Term: Otto Von Bismarck
Definition: called major European powers to negotiate the share of Africa, resulting in the Berlin Conference

Flashcard #12
Term: settler colonies
Definition: a colony in which an imperial power claims an already inhabited territory and sends its own people to set up an outpost of their own society

Flashcard #13
Term: Manifest Destiny
Definition: calling from God to possess all the territory from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean

Flashcard #14
Term: Pan-Slavism
Definition: united all Slavic people under Russian authority, including all who currently lived under Ottoman and Austrian rule

Flashcard #15
Term: Vladivostok
Definition: trading post in Pacific Coast established by Russia

Flashcard #16
Term: Indian Rebellion of 1857 (Sepoy Rebellion)
Definition: British weapons were greased with cow grease

Flashcard #17
Term: Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II
Definition: descendent of last Incan ruler led peasants to revolt against Spanish

Flashcard #18
Term: Cherokee Nation
Definition: indigenous native group, couldn’t resist against US weapons

Flashcard #19
Term: Indian Removal Act
Definition: forcibly removed indigenous groups

Flashcard #20
Term: Trail of Tears
Definition: forced natives to move from eastern territory to Oklahoma territory

Flashcard #21
Term: Ghost Dance Movement
Definition: religious rebellion

Flashcard #22
Term: export economies
Definition: economies primary focused on the export of raw materials or goods for distant markets

Flashcard #23
Term: subsistence farming
Definition: only growing amount of food needed to survive

Flashcard #24
Term: Palm oil
Definition: Used to manufacture soap and lubricants for factory machines

Flashcard #25
Term: Guano
Definition: bird poop that were good fertilizers for industrial crop house operations) in Pacific and Atlantic islands

Flashcard #26
Term: Economic imperialism
Definition: the act of one state extending control over another state by economic means

Flashcard #27
Term: Opium Wars
Definition: series of conflicts due to the influence of Britain and France over China

Flashcard #28
Term: opium
Definition: highly addictive drug that Britain increased production of in india to export to China

Flashcard #29
Term: Treaty of Nanjing
Definition: forced China to open several new trading ports for British

Flashcard #30
Term: Taiping Rebellion
Definition: religious movement among ethnic Han that sought to get rid of Manchu rulers of Qing Dynasty

Flashcard #31
Term: Spheres of Influence
Definition: Industrialized powers carved China into Spheres of Influence that were dominated by each of them

Flashcard #32
Term: Commodity
Definition: any good that can be bought and sold on the market

Flashcard #33
Term: Irish Potato Famine
Definition: staple food of Irish people, widespread famine led to starvation

Flashcard #34
Term: Convict labor
Definition: sent convicts across the world to serve labor on colonial holdings (railroad building)

Flashcard #35
Term: penal colonies
Definition: distant or overseas settlement established for punishing criminals by forced labor and isolation from society

Flashcard #36
Term: Indentured servitude
Definition: arrangement in which a laborer signs a contract to work for a certain number of years in exchange for free passage to their destination

Flashcard #37
Term: Ethnic enclaves
Definition: geographic area with high concentration of people of the same ethnicity and culture within foreign culture

Flashcard #38
Term: Nativism
Definition: policy of protecting the interests of native born people over the interests of immigrants

Flashcard #39
Term: Chinese Exclusion Act
Definition: Banned almost all Chinese

Flashcard #1
Term: Young Ottomans
Definition: Western educated reformers who called for liberal political reforms in the Ottoman Empire.

Flashcard #2
Term: Young Turks
Definition: Advocates for complete modernization of the Ottoman Empire, with a nationalist vision excluding ethnic minorities.

Flashcard #3
Term: Taiping Rebellion
Definition: A major internal conflict in Qing China, eventually put down by Qing authorities, costing millions of lives.

Flashcard #4
Term: Boxer Rebellion
Definition: A campaign by a secret society (Boxers) to drive all foreigners from China, which was defeated by international troops.

Flashcard #5
Term: Sun Yat-Sen
Definition: Western-educated leader of a revolutionary movement that led to the abdication of the emperor in Qing China.

Flashcard #6
Term: Opium Wars
Definition: Conflicts that Qing China lost, contributing to its internal instability.

Flashcard #7
Term: Sino-Japanese War
Definition: A conflict that Qing China lost to an industrialized Japan.

Flashcard #8
Term: Porfirio Diaz
Definition: Dictator of Mexico resented by nearly all social classes, leading to the Mexican Revolution.

Flashcard #9
Term: Francisco Madero
Definition: Political rival of Porfirio Diaz who was elected but assassinated two years later.

Flashcard #10
Term: Militarism
Definition: The belief that states had to build up strong militaries and employ them aggressively to back their own interests.

Flashcard #11
Term: Unification of Germany
Definition: Led to heavy industrialization and a massive buildup of the military, possessing arguably the most powerful military force in Europe.

Flashcard #12
Term: Alliances
Definition: Unions formed between countries for mutual benefit, such as the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente.

Flashcard #13
Term: Triple Alliance
Definition: Alliance consisting of Germany, Italy, and the Austrian-Hungarian Empire.

Flashcard #14
Term: Triple Entente
Definition: Alliance consisting of Britain, France, and Russia.

Flashcard #15
Term: Imperialism
Definition: The desire to project power on the world stage, contributing to the causes of WWI.

Flashcard #16
Term: Nationalism
Definition: The glorification of commonality among nations and the definition of other nations as enemies.

Flashcard #17
Term: Gavrilo Princip
Definition: Serbian nationalist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire.

Flashcard #18
Term: Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Definition: Archduke of the Austrian-Hungarian empire who was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip.

Flashcard #19
Term: Total War
Definition: A war which requires the mobilization of a country’s entire population, both military and civilian, in order to fight.

Flashcard #20
Term: Machine guns, chemical gas, tanks
Definition: New technologies that made WWI one of the deadliest wars in history.

Flashcard #21
Term: Trench Warfare
Definition: A military strategy where each side dug miles of trenches opposite each other for protection, leading to years of stalemates.

Flashcard #22
Term: Propaganda
Definition: Information used by governments to motivate the population to contribute to the war, demonizing enemies and exaggerating atrocities.

Flashcard #23
Term: Zimmermann Telegram
Definition: A German promise to help Mexico regain territory, which threatened the US and led to US involvement in WWI.

Flashcard #24
Term: Armistice
Definition: An agreement signed by Germany in 1918 that ended WWI.

Flashcard #25
Term: Big Four
Definition: Leaders of the Allies who signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, a punishing treaty targeted towards Germany.

Flashcard #26
Term: Treaty of Versailles 1919
Definition: A treaty that punished Germany after WWI and assumed full responsibility for the war.

Flashcard #27
Term: War Guilt Clause
Definition: A clause in the Treaty of Versailles that assumes Germany's full responsibility for WWI.

Flashcard #28
Term: Mandate System
Definition: The division of former German territories in the Middle East into mandates for Britain and Allies to aid in governance.

Flashcard #29
Term: Anschluss
Definition: Union between Germany and Austria-Hungary, which was prohibited by the Treaty of Versailles.

Flashcard #30
Term: Hyperinflation
Definition: When the value of money plummets significantly, as experienced in Germany due to printing more money post-WWI.

Flashcard #31
Term: Dawes Plan
Definition: A giant loan to Germany from the US to be paid back over a long period of time, stabilizing the German economy.

Flashcard #32
Term: Russian Revolution
Definition: The revolution during which Russia exited WWI.

Flashcard #33
Term: Czar Nicholas II
Definition: The authoritarian leader of Russia prior to the Russian Revolution, resented by the middle and working classes.

Flashcard #34
Term: Russo-Japanese War
Definition: Humiliating defeat of Russia in 1904, contributing to internal resentment towards Czar Nicholas II.

Flashcard #35
Term: Russian Revolution 1905
Definition: Revolution that led to Czar Nicholas II reluctantly electing a national legislature and adding a constitution.

Flashcard #36
Term: Bloody Sunday
Definition: An event where workers marched to Czar’s palace with a list of demands and troops opened fire.

Flashcard #37
Term: Duma
Definition: The national legislature elected by Nicholas II as a result of the Russian Revolution of 1905.

Flashcard #38
Term: Russian Revolution of 1917
Definition: Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin that led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of Bolshevik rule.

Flashcard #39
Term: Vladimir Lenin
Definition: The Marxist leader of the Bolsheviks who led the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Flashcard #40
Term: Bolsheviks
Definition: The Marxist party led by Vladimir Lenin that seized power in Russia in 1917.

Flashcard #41
Term: February Revolution
Definition: A revolution where protests began in Petrograd and spread through the empire, overthrowing the monarchy.

Flashcard #42
Term: Provisional Government
Definition: Temporary government formed after the overthrow of the monarchy in Russia.

Flashcard #43
Term: Cheka
Definition: The new secret police force controlled by the Bolsheviks that controlled people who opposed Lenin.

Flashcard #44
Term: Red Army
Definition: The Bolshevik army that fought against anti-communists in the Russian Civil War.

Flashcard #45
Term: War Communism
Definition: An economic policy implemented by Lenin where the government took over all private businesses and dictated what was to be produced.

Flashcard #46
Term: Red Terror
Definition: Measures that communists used to stay in power and control peasant uprisings, including the Cheka arresting suspected enemies.

Flashcard #47
Term: New Economic Policy (NEP)
Definition: Policy implemented by Lenin that allowed farm products to be freely bought, sold, and traded.

Flashcard #48
Term: Joseph Stalin
Definition: The leader who gained power after Lenin's death, continuing to support Comintern and reviving policies like War Communism.

Flashcard #49
Term: Comintern
Definition: Lenin’s organization to encourage communist revolutions across the world.

Flashcard #50
Term: Command economy
Definition: An economy in which production is determined centrally by the government.

Flashcard #51
Term: First Five Year Plan
Definition: A plan focused on industry and agriculture in the Soviet Union under Stalin.

Flashcard #52
Term: Collectives
Definition: Large state-owned farms in which rural peasants were forced to merge their lands.

Flashcard #53
Term: Kulaks
Definition: Wealthy landowning class that resisted collectivization and were arrested.

Flashcard #54
Term: Reign of Terror 1934
Definition: A terror campaign to eliminate all opposition under Stalin.

Flashcard #55
Term: Great Purge 1936
Definition: An effort to eliminate any enemies of Stalin, with people put into concentration camps (Gulag System).

Flashcard #56
Term: Gulag System
Definition: Concentration camps in the Soviet Union where enemies of Stalin were sent.

Flashcard #57
Term: Second Five Year Plan 1933
Definition: Plan that focused on the production of goods in the Soviet Union.

Flashcard #58
Term: Third Five Year Plan 1938
Definition: Plan that focused on weapon production in the Soviet Union.

Flashcard #59
Term: Great Depression
Definition: A global economic crisis, triggered by the US stock market failing, which impacted nations dependent on the US economically.

Flashcard #60
Term: Franklin D. Roosevelt
Definition: US president who sponsored government intervention known as the Great Deal to combat the Great Depression.

Flashcard #61
Term: Great Deal
Definition: Government intervention sponsored by Franklin D. Roosevelt to combat the Great Depression.

Flashcard #62
Term: Deficit Spending
Definition: When a government spends more than it earns, believed by John Maynard Kaynes to motivate people to work.

Flashcard #63
Term: John Maynard Kaynes
Definition: Economist who believed deficit spending would motivate people to work.

Flashcard #64
Term: Self-Determination
Definition: The right for states to govern themselves, advocated by Woodrow Wilson.

Flashcard #65
Term: Class C
Definition: Smallest population, least developed territories in the Mandate System, treated as colonies.

Flashcard #66
Term: Class B
Definition: Territories with larger populations, underdeveloped in the Mandate System, ruled by victorious powers.

Flashcard #67
Term: Class A
Definition: Territories with large populations, sufficiently developed, deemed suitable for independence and self-rule.

Flashcard #68
Term: Manchukuo
Definition: Puppet state set up by Japan after taking part of China.

Flashcard #69
Term: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Definition: A concept used by Japan to justify its seizure of territory throughout the inter-war period.

Flashcard #70
Term: Indian National Congress
Definition: Organization formed in India that petitioned the British Raj for a greater degree of self-rule.

Flashcard #71
Term: British Raj
Definition: The rule of the British in India, against which the Indian National Congress petitioned.

Flashcard #72
Term: Mohandas Gandhi
Definition: Leader of the Indian National Congress who led several peaceful protests.

Flashcard #73
Term: Civil Disobedience
Definition: A nonviolent way of refusing to obey the law, used by Mohandas Gandhi.

Flashcard #74
Term: African National Congress
Definition: Organization founded in South Africa dedicated to obtaining equal rights.

Flashcard #75
Term: Pan-Africanism
Definition: Movement aimed at equality and unity of all black people across the world.

Flashcard #1
Term: Fascism
Definition: A political philosophy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership, and militaristic means to achieve its goals

Flashcard #2
Term: Benito Mussolini
Definition: Gained power using corporatism (practice of organizing society into corporations subordinate to the state) and propaganda

Flashcard #3
Term: Fascist March on Rome 1922
Definition: Led to the rise of Fascist Italy led by Mussolini

Flashcard #4
Term: NSDAP (Nazi Party 1921)
Definition: Led by Adolf Hitler after the fall of the Weimar Republic (signed the Treaty of Versailles which made Germans lose faith)

Flashcard #5
Term: Adolf Hitler
Definition: Leader of NSDAP (Nazi Party 1921)

Flashcard #6
Term: Lebensraum
Definition: Living space for Germans

Flashcard #7
Term: Beer Hall Putsch 1923
Definition: Violent effort by Hitler to overthrow government; got imprisoned

Flashcard #8
Term: Mein Kampf
Definition: Book published by Hitler when he was imprisoned; ideas became well known

Flashcard #9
Term: Appeasement
Definition: Giving into the demands of an aggressor in order to keep the peace

Flashcard #10
Term: Munich Conference
Definition: Hitler demanded Sudetenland because it had 3 million German speaking people; Britain appeases and gives him Sudetenland

Flashcard #11
Term: Axis Powers
Definition: Germany, Italy, Japan (fascist states)

Flashcard #12
Term: Allied Powers
Definition: Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, US

Flashcard #13
Term: Non-Aggression Pact
Definition: Signed between Soviets and Germany until Hitler invaded Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa)

Flashcard #14
Term: Operation Barbarossa
Definition: Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union

Flashcard #15
Term: Scorched Earth Policy
Definition: Soviet policy of burning everything

Flashcard #16
Term: Battle of Stalingrad
Definition: Germany entered Stalingrad, Russia surrounded and Germany surrendered due to harsh winter; Stalin’s “no step back” policy

Flashcard #17
Term: Pearl Harbor 1941
Definition: US naval base bombed by Japan

Flashcard #18
Term: Blitzkrieg
Definition: Germany’s strategy that aimed to eliminate the enemy with incredible speed

Flashcard #19
Term: The Blitz (Battle of Britain)
Definition: British victory; forced Hitler to postpone invasion into Britain

Flashcard #20
Term: Fire bombing
Definition: Small clusters of explosive devices meant to damage urban areas by starting fires

Flashcard #21
Term: Atomic Bomb
Definition: Extremely destructive bomb that can destroy an entire city

Flashcard #22
Term: Manhattan Project
Definition: Effort to improve bombs

Flashcard #23
Term: Bombing on Hiroshima
Definition: US fired atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan

Flashcard #24
Term: Bombing on Nagasaki
Definition: US fired atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan

Flashcard #25
Term: D-day
Definition: Allied invasion of France

Flashcard #26
Term: Allied Air Assault
Definition: Allied air bombing

Flashcard #27
Term: V-E Day
Definition: May 8, 1945; Hitler commits suicide and Germany surrenders

Flashcard #28
Term: V-J Day
Definition: Victory over Japan; Japan surrendered August 15, 1945; Marks the end of WWII

Flashcard #29
Term: Armenian Genocide
Definition: Ottoman authorities started mass extermination of Armenians; Ottoman government (Young Turks) feared that Armenian Christians would join enemy forces

Flashcard #30
Term: Holocaust
Definition: Extermination of Jewish population; Hitler aimed for purified German race

Flashcard #31
Term: Final Solution
Definition: Nazi plan for the genocide of all Jews in Europe

Flashcard #32
Term: Nuremberg Laws
Definition: Restricted the rights of Jews and forced them into Ghettos, concentration camps (Auschwitz), and extermination camps

Flashcard #33
Term: Bombing of Dresden
Definition: British and American aerial bombing on city of Desdren, Germany

Flashcard #34
Term: Rape of Nanking
Definition: Rape of Nanking in China by Japanese soldiers

Flashcard #35
Term: Bataan Death March
Definition: Japanese soldiers forced American and Filipino prisoners of war to march on the

rewrite it, there should be more

Flashcard #1
Term: Fascism
Definition: A political philosophy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership, and militaristic means to achieve its goals, often suppressing opposition and individual rights.

Flashcard #2
Term: Benito Mussolini
Definition: The leader of the National Fascist Party in Italy, ruling as Prime Minister from 1922 until his ousting in 1943. He employed corporatism and propaganda to maintain power.

Flashcard #3
Term: Fascist March on Rome 1922
Definition: A march in October 1922 by which Mussolini's National Fascist Party came to power in the Kingdom of Italy.

Flashcard #4
Term: NSDAP (Nazi Party 1921)
Definition: The Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, rose to prominence in Germany after the fall of the Weimar Republic. It advocated for German racial purity and expansionist policies.

Flashcard #5
Term: Adolf Hitler
Definition: The dictatorial leader of Nazi Germany, responsible for initiating World War II and the Holocaust.

Flashcard #6
Term: Lebensraum
Definition: Living space; Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire territory in Eastern Europe for the German people

Flashcard #7
Term: Beer Hall Putsch 1923
Definition: A failed coup attempt in 1923 by Hitler to seize power in Munich. It led to his imprisonment, during which he wrote 'Mein Kampf'.

Flashcard #8
Term: Mein Kampf
Definition: An autobiographical manifesto by Adolf Hitler, published in 1925, outlining his political ideology and future plans for Germany.

Flashcard #9
Term: Appeasement
Definition: A diplomatic policy of making concessions to an aggressive power in order to avoid war, as practiced by Britain and France towards Nazi Germany.

Flashcard #10
Term: Munich Conference
Definition: A conference in 1938 where Britain and France allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, populated by 3 million German speakers, in an attempt to appease him.

Flashcard #11
Term: Axis Powers
Definition: The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II, characterized by fascist or militaristic regimes.

Flashcard #12
Term: Allied Powers
Definition: The alliance of Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the US during World War II, formed to oppose the Axis Powers.

Flashcard #13
Term: Non-Aggression Pact
Definition: A pact signed between the Soviet Union and Germany in 1939, in which the parties agreed to take no military action against each other for the next 10 years

Flashcard #14
Term: Operation Barbarossa
Definition: The code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, marking a turning point in World War II.

Flashcard #15
Term: Scorched Earth Policy
Definition: A military strategy used by the Soviet Union against the German invasion, involving the destruction of anything that could be useful to the enemy.

Flashcard #16
Term: Battle of Stalingrad
Definition: A major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, where the Soviet Union defeated Nazi Germany, marking a crucial turning point in the war.

Flashcard #17
Term: Pearl Harbor 1941
Definition: A surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, just before 08:00 on Sunday, December 7, 1941. The attack led to the United States' entry into World War II.

Flashcard #18
Term: Blitzkrieg
Definition: A military tactic designed to create disorganization among enemy forces through the use of mobile armor and firepower.

Flashcard #19
Term: The Blitz (Battle of Britain)
Definition: A sustained aerial bombing campaign by the German Luftwaffe against Britain in 1940, which the British ultimately won.

Flashcard #20
Term: Fire bombing
Definition: A bombing technique designed to damage urban areas by starting fires. This often resulted in significant civilian casualties.

Flashcard #21
Term: Atomic Bomb
Definition: A highly destructive bomb that uses nuclear fission to create an explosion, capable of destroying an entire city.

Flashcard #22
Term: Manhattan Project
Definition: A research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.

Flashcard #23
Term: Bombing on Hiroshima
Definition: The US dropped an atomic bomb on this city in Japan during World War II, leading to many casualties and devastation.

Flashcard #24
Term: Bombing on Nagasaki
Definition: The US dropped an atomic bomb on this city in Japan during World War II, resulting in widespread destruction and casualties.

Flashcard #25
Term: D-day
Definition: The landing operations on June 6, 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II.

Flashcard #26
Term: Allied Air Assault
Definition: A sustained aerial bombing campaign by the Allies on strategic targets in Germany during World War II.

Flashcard #27
Term: V-E Day
Definition: The date marking the Allied victory in Europe on May 8, 1945, signifying the end of World War II in Europe.

Flashcard #28
Term: V-J Day
Definition: The date marking the Allied victory over Japan on August 15, 1945, effectively ending World War II.

Flashcard #29
Term: Armenian Genocide
Definition: The systematic killing of Armenians by the Ottoman government (Young Turks), who feared they would join enemy forces during World War I.

Flashcard #30
Term: Holocaust
Definition: The systematic extermination of Jewish people by the Nazi regime during World War II, driven by Hitler's aim to purify the German race.

Flashcard #31
Term: Final Solution
Definition: Nazi Germany's plan to systematically exterminate the Jewish population during the Holocaust.

Flashcard #32
Term: Nuremberg Laws
Definition: Laws enacted by Nazi Germany that deprived Jews of their rights and forced them into ghettos and concentration camps like Auschwitz.

Flashcard #33
Term: Bombing of Dresden
Definition: A bombing on the city of Dresden, Germany by British and American forces, causing many casualties and devastation.

Flashcard #34
Term: Rape of Nanking
Definition: An episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing, then the capital of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

Flashcard #35
Term: Bataan death march
Definition: A forcible transfer by the Imperial Japanese Army of 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war in the Philippines, which was characterized by severe physical abuse and wanton killings.

Flashcard #1
Term: Cold War
Definition: a state of hostility that exists between two states chiefly characterized by an ideological struggle rather than open warfare

Flashcard #2
Term: Tehran Conference 1943
Definition: Soviet Union would focus on freeing Eastern Europe, while Britain and the United States would concentrate on Western Europe.

Flashcard #3
Term: Yalta Conference 1945
Definition: discuss what would happen after WWII

Flashcard #4
Term: Potsdam Conference 1945
Definition: Truman insisted on free elections in Eastern Europe but Stalin refused because Soviet troops had already occupied it.

Flashcard #5
Term: Formation of United Nations 1945
Definition: 48 nations create UN to protect members against aggression

Flashcard #6
Term: Iron Curtain Speech 1946
Definition: Winston Churchill’s speech about split between E. and W. blocs of Europe

Flashcard #7
Term: Berlin Blockade 1948
Definition: Soviets closed off all roads and rail access to W. occupation zones

Flashcard #8
Term: Berlin Airlift 1948
Definition: Truman sent 2 million tons of supplies to W. Berlin on cargo planes

Flashcard #9
Term: Marshall Plan
Definition: US sent over 13 billion in aid for economic recovery in war torn nations, helped these nations revive their economy

Flashcard #10
Term: Truman Doctrine
Definition: Truman offered assistance to nations resisting communist takeovers

Flashcard #11
Term: Containment
Definition: Containment

Flashcard #12
Term: Molotov Plan
Definition: Soviets rejected participation in Marshall Plan → created economic union of E. European nations

Flashcard #13
Term: COMECON
Definition: economic, military aid and intervention

Flashcard #14
Term: atomic bomb
Definition: Developed atomic bomb, the most advanced and devastating technology of the war

Flashcard #15
Term: Arms Race
Definition: both power spent tremendous amounts of money to develop bigger and more destructive bombs

Flashcard #16
Term: Domino Theory
Definition: the belief that if one country becomes communist, other states will follow

Flashcard #17
Term: Mujahideen
Definition: Afghan rebels

Flashcard #18
Term: NATO 1949
Definition: Truman signed an alliance that linked the US and W. Europe

Flashcard #19
Term: Warsaw Pact 1955
Definition: leaders of E. Europe sign military alliance to defend each other of an attack

Flashcard #20
Term: Non-Aligned Movement
Definition: countries who were determined to be independent agreed to not be under the sphere of influence of the superpowers

Flashcard #21
Term: self-determination
Definition: Believed in the right to self-determination

Flashcard #22
Term: Kwame Nkrumah
Definition: president of Ghana who pushed all of Africa to be decolonized

Flashcard #23
Term: Kuomintang
Definition: Reformed into Kuomintang (nationalist party)

Flashcard #24
Term: Great Leap Forward
Definition: collectivization of farms known as communes

Flashcard #25
Term: Tiananmen Square
Definition: demonstrators advocated for democracy and freedom of speech

Flashcard #26
Term: Mohandas Gandhi
Definition: created the Indian National Congress (mostly Hindu); believed in civil disobedience

Flashcard #27
Term: Homespun Movement
Definition: Led the Homespun Movement to boycott against British goods

Flashcard #28
Term: Salt March
Definition: broke the law and made their own salt

Flashcard #29
Term: Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Definition: creates the Muslim league

Flashcard #30
Term: Indian Partition of 1947
Definition: Pakistan made for Muslims, India for Hindus

Flashcard #31
Term: Kwame Nkrumah
Definition: first president of Ghana and leader of Pan African Movement

Flashcard #32
Term: Algerian War
Definition: many French settlers lived in Algeria → France opposed freedom of Algeria

Flashcard #33
Term: Apartheid
Definition: system of racial segregation

Flashcard #34
Term: Nelson Mandela
Definition: used non violence to protest Apartheid; founded the African National Congress

Flashcard #35
Term: Gamal Abder Nasser
Definition: wanted to nationalize the Suez Canal

Flashcard #36
Term: pan-Arabism
Definition: unity of Arab

Flashcard #1
Term: Radios
Definition: Facilitated international business

Flashcard #2
Term: Shipping containers
Definition: Large sized units that could be carried on a truck or train or stacked on ship

Flashcard #3
Term: Antibiotics
Definition: Useful agent in curing bacterial infections

Flashcard #4
Term: Birth control
Definition: Fertility rates declined in much of the world

Flashcard #5
Term: Vaccines
Definition: wide distribution to prevent deadly diseases until after 1900

Flashcard #6
Term: Green Revolution
Definition: possible long term response to hunger

Flashcard #7
Term: Malaria
Definition: parasitic disease spread by mosquitoes in tropical areas

Flashcard #8
Term: Tuberculosis
Definition: airborne infection that spreads through coughs and sneezes and affects the lungs

Flashcard #9
Term: Cholera
Definition: bacterial disease that spreads through contaminated water

Flashcard #10
Term: Polio
Definition: disease caused by water contaminated by a virus transmitted in fecal matter

Flashcard #11
Term: HIV/ AIDS
Definition: weakens the immune system; contracted through exchange of body fluids

Flashcard #12
Term: Antiretroviral drugs
Definition: could stop HIV from weakening immune system

Flashcard #13
Term: Ebola
Definition: deadly disease caused by virus that infects African fruit bat, humans, other primates

Flashcard #14
Term: Heart disease
Definition: long term disease that is associated with lifestyle, genetics, increased longevity

Flashcard #15
Term: Alzheimer’s disease
Definition: affected elderly and some middle aged people; patients progressively lost their memory

Flashcard #16
Term: Deforestation
Definition: loss of Earthś trees as a result of cutting them down

Flashcard #17
Term: Desertification
Definition: removal of natural vegetation through expansion

Flashcard #18
Term: Green Party
Definition: focused on environmental issues

Flashcard #19
Term: Global warming
Definition: increased average temperature of the world

Flashcard #20
Term: Economic liberalization
Definition: opening up of a country’s economy

Flashcard #21
Term: Knowledge economy
Definition: creates, distributes, uses knowledge and information

Flashcard #22
Term: NAFTA
Definition: encouraged US and Canadian industries to build factories (maquiladoras) in Mexico that used low wage Mexican labor to produce goods for foreign export

Flashcard #23
Term: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Definition: many countries signed international accord which lifted restrictive trade barriers

Flashcard #24
Term: Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Definition: UN adopted foundational document that asserted basic rights and fundamental freedom for all

Flashcard #25
Term: UN
Definition: UN created UNICEF to provide food for children in Europe who were still suffering from end of WWII

Flashcard #26
Term: Liberation theology
Definition: combined socialism with Catholicism

Flashcard #27
Term: Civil Rights Act
Definition: outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, nationality

Flashcard #28
Term: Voting Rights Act
Definition: banned discrimination in voting