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Gene Expression
The process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, typically proteins.
DNA Structure
The arrangement of nucleotides in a double helix that encodes genetic information.
RNA Processing
The modification of RNA after transcription, including splicing, capping, and polyadenylation.
Transcription
The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
Translation
The process wherein ribosomes synthesize proteins using mRNA as a template.
Gene Regulation
The mechanisms that control the expression of genes, determining when and how much of each gene product is produced.
Mutation
A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to variations in traits.
Biotechnology
The use of living organisms or their products to develop or create new products, often involving genetic manipulation.
Phenotype
The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, determined by its genotype.
Genotype
The genetic constitution of an organism, consisting of alleles inherited from both parents.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
Variations in a single nucleotide that occur at a specific position in the genome.
Transcription Factors
Proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences to regulate transcription of genetic information.
Regulatory Sequences
DNA sequences that regulate the transcription of a gene by providing binding sites for transcription factors.
Genetic Engineering
The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
Natural Selection
The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
Cell Specialization
The process in which generic cells change into specific cells meant to do specific tasks.
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