PLTW Medical Interventions Midterm

what are the categories of medical interventions?

pharmacology, rehab, genetics, medical devices, diagnostics, surgery

What is bioinformatics?

the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data

How can DNA sequences be used to identify disease pathogens?

can determine specific segments of DNA that differ between different types of pathogens and analyze this segment by following a similar sequencing pattern

what are the basic steps for isolating and identifying bacterial DNA

1- isolate the DNA of the pathogen using PCR. Only copies DNA from the invader

2- cycle sequencing takes the copied DNA and creates DNA fragments of different lengths and separates them by size

3- organize fragments based on size. Florescent DNA goes through a laser

What is a serial dilution?

A stepwise dilution of a substance in solution

Explain the process of ELISA

step 1- sample is added to the wells. Proteins bind to the walls of the wells

step 2- detergent washes out unbound proteins and blocks surface proteins

step 3- primary antibody binds to a specific antibody

step 4- unbound primary antibody is washed away

step 5- secondary antibody that is linked with an enzyme is attached and added to walls and binds to the primary antibody

step 6- excess secondary antibody is washed away

step 7- substrate is added to the wells. The substrate binds to the enzyme bound to the secondary antibody and causes a color change

What is the mode of action of penicillin?

interferes with ability to synthesize cell. (attacks cells walls)

what is the mode of action of tetracycline?

binds to the ribosomes and halts protein production

what is the mode of action of floroquinoles?

messes up DNA replication

what is the mode of action of sulfonamides?

interferes with synthesis of folic acid

What is antibiotic resistance?

when the medicine no longer affects the bacteria because they are immune to it.

conjugation?

A pilius bridge forms. Plasmid duplicates and is transferred to another cell via the bridge

transformation?

naked DNA floats around and is picked up by other cells

Transduction?

phages infect bacteria bringing along genes of other cells that have resistance

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves

What is conductive hearing loss?

hearing loss that is due to diminished sound reaching middle and inner ear.

Live attenuated vaccines

virus is weakened but still able to reproduce and cause an immune response in the body

Inactivated vaccines

dead bacteria injected into patient to build immunity

toxiod vaccine

vaccine is made from a toxin that is weakened so body can learn how to fight it off

DNA vaccines

create recombination by inserting microbial DNA into plasmid vector

subunit vaccines

use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response

How are vaccines produced?

Small weakened or dead viruses are injected into the body to produce antibodies, so they next time your body is attacked by the same virus your body fights it off without you even knowing that you contracted it.

What is DNA ligase?

connects the ends of molecules together

What are restriction enzymes?

They cut the DNA into specific parts

How can recombinant DNA be used to produce vaccines?

Bacteria carry DNA in plasmids. Plasmids work as vectors and have genes inserted into them. Recombinant DNA uses restriction enzymes to cut the plasmids and leave sticky ends. These ends can bond with any DNA cut by THE SAME restriction enzyme. The viral gene is inserted into the plasmid and glued together by DNA ligase. The new DNA can have resistance which makes it beneficial to vaccination

single gene recessive disorders

Must have 2 copies of the gene. (cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia)

Single gene - dominant disorder

disorder that is controlled by the inheritance of a single gene, must have at least 1 dominant allele

multifactorial disorders

conditions caused by interactions among one or more genes and the environment

chromosomal disorders

disorders caused by structural changes to a chromosome or deficiencies of entire genes located on chromosomes

Mitochondrial disorders

caused by mutations in non-chromosomal DNA which is passed from mother to child (LHON)

Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD)

In assisted reproductive technology, the determination of genetic abnormalities in the embryo before it is transferred to the uterus

fetal testing

Used to determine the possibility of a genetic disorder by taking a sample of fetal cells.

what are the ethical concerns of PDG and Fetal testing

throwing away life or trying to have the best child possible. In the future could lead to "designer babies"

How do genetic counselors use pedigrees?

show the history of the trait in the parents family and why they have what they have

why is there apprehensiveness to genetic testing?

might not want to know what you may have in the future such as Alzheimer's

what are the duties of genetic counselors

Analyze patient histories.

Provide genetic testing.

Perform genetic risk calculations.

Educate families about potential health risks.

Help patients to cope with a diagnosis

What is amniocentesis?

the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus.

what is CVS (chorionic villus sampling)

sampling of placenta to screen for abnormalities in a fetus

What is a karotype?

map of chromosomes; shows the sex and defects

How are karyotypes used in prenatal health

show sex of the baby and any chromosomal disorders

What is an ultrasound in pregnancy

a test that uses sound waves to make a video image of an unborn baby

What is an ultrasound?

medical test to show images from inside your body

What is gene therapy?

the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.

What is gene therapy used for?

Replace/Repair defected gene that is causing disease

Provide new or changed function to a cell

what are the advantages of using vectors in gene therapy?

deliver new gene by infecting cells without causing any real disease.

what are the disadvantages of using vectors in gene therapy?

Can cause immune responses

what factors must be considered when choosing a vector for gene therapy?

How many base pairs it can hold and which cells it will integrate to

What is PGD?

When a healthy embryo is selected from a group of embryos, and then implanted into a uterus.

What is IVF (in vitro fertilization)?

Procedure where oocytes are harvested and fertilization occurs outside the female body in a lab

What is cloning?

When an organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced.

what are the parts of the ear?

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

what part of bacteria helps is stick to surfaces?

pilus

what part of bacteria helps it move?

flagella

what controls the cells activities?

cell membrane

what is the function of the ribosomes?

make proteins

whats the inside of the cell

cytoplasm

what is a plasmid?

small circular piece of DNA

bacterial cells

allows bacteria to attach to specific proteins?

capsule

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria that have a thick peptido glycan cell wall, and no outer membrane. They stain very darkly (purple) in Gram stain.

Gram-negative bacteria

type of bacteria that stain red with Gram stain and have a thin cell wall with an outer membrane

What is the nucleiod region?

where dna is stored

what is the key transmission of sound?

vibration

What is frequency?

number of waves per second, measured in hertz

What is high frequency?

fast short waves

What is low frequency?

slow long waves

what is the inner ear?

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. Vestibular nerve helps with balance

What is the middle ear?

the small cavity(tympanic cavity) behind the tympanic membrane that contains 3 bones (the malleus, the incus, and the stapes). small cavity helps transmit vibrations

what is the outer ear?

pinna and auditory canal. funnels vibrations to auditory canal.

steps of hearing

1-sound waves enter the ear and cause vibrations in the ear drum

2-vibrations in the eardrum cause the bones in the middle ear to move back and forth

3- movement against the oval window causes movement in the fluid that fills the cochlea

4- movement of hairs in the cochlea stimulate an impulse among the auditory nerve to the brain.