Principles of Biomedical Sciences Unit 1

Biomedical Science

The application of the principles of the natural sciences, especially biology and physiology, to clinical medicine.

Control Group

The group in an experiment where the Independant variable being tested is not applied so that it may serve as a standard for comparison against the experimental group where the Independant variable is applied

Dependent Variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

Experiment

A research study conducted to determine the effect that one variable has upon another variable.

Forensic Science

The application of scientific knowledge to questions of civil and criminal law.

Hypothesis

Clear prediction of the anticipated results of an experiment.

Independant Variable

The variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher.

Negative Control

Control group where conditions produce a negative outcome. Negative control groups help identify outside influences which may be present that were not accounted for when the procedure was created.

Personal Protective Equiptment

Specialize clothing or equiptment, worn by an employee for protection against infectious materials.

Adenine

It is a base pair. Pairs with Thymine. Is a purine.

Cytosine

Carries hereditary information in DNA and RNA Cells. Pyrimidine base. Pairs with Guanine.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A double stranded helix. Carries the genetic instructions used in growth, developement, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms.

Gel Electrophoresis

Due to the size of DNA fragments the negatively charged DNA will travel through the gel to determine their sizes.

Gene

A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA.

Guanine

Purine base. Pairs with cytosine. Carries hereditary information information in DNA and RNA.

Helix

Something in spiral form

Model

A simplified version of something complex used to analyze and solve problems or make predictions

Nucleotide

A building block of DNA. Consisting of a 5 carbon sugar, bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Restriction Enzyme

An enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts up DNA.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)

Results from restriction enzymes makes different patterns. Results in different patterns of restriction fragment lengths.

Thymine

Pyrimidine base. Pairs with Adenine. Carries hereditary information in DNA cells.

Autopsy

An examination of the body after death usually with such dissection as will expose the vital organs for determining the cause of death.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

A comprehensive set of standards and practices designed to give patients specific rights regarding their personal health information.

Glaister Equations

98.4 - measured rectal temperature over 1.5

Scientific Method Steps

observation, question, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion

Rigor Mortis

stiffening of body

How many point matches in a fingerprint do you need ?

12-15

Patterns of a fingerprint

arch, loop, whorl.

5 step process of using a DNA profile

get it, Copy it, cut it, spread it, analyze it.

Types of autopsies

clinical vs. forensic autopsies

Manners of Death

Suicide

Homicdie

Natural

Accident

Unidentified

Medical Examiner vs. Coroner

A medical examiner is a physician and coroners just have to be elected.

3 Purposes of HIPAA

to protect patient's rights, improve healthcare quality, improve efficiency.

5 tasks to process a crime scene

1. Interview

2. Examine

3. Photograph

4. Sketch

5. Collect Evidence

People of interest

Doug Greene, Lucy Leffingwell, Erica Piedmont, Alex Garcia

Doug Greene

-Anna's Neighbor

-Him and Anna were recently involved romanticly but Anna abruptly ended it

Lucy Leffingwell

-Anna's best friend

- Coowner of local bakery that Anna owns

Erica Piemont

-Erica is the new wife of Alex Garcia

Alex Garcia

-Alex and Anna went through a nasty divorce last year

EMT

Checks to see if Anna is dead or alive

911 Operator

Takes the call about Anna

CSI

Investigates the crime scene

Positive Control

Group expected to have a positive result, allowing the researcher to show that the experimental set up was capable of producing results.

Chromosome

Any of the usually linear bodies in the cell nucleus that contain the genetic material.

Integumentary System key structures

skin, hair, nails

Integumentary System functions

forms the body's external covering; protects deeper tissue from injury; helps regulate body temperature.

Skeletal System key structures

bones, joints

Skeletal System functions

protects and supports the body organs; provides a framework the muscles can use to cause movement; stores minerals

Muscular System key structures

skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles.

Muscular system functions

moves the body and moves substances around the body; maintains posture; produces heat.

Nervous system key structures

brain, spinal cord, sensory receptors, nerves

Nervous system functions

responds to internal and external changes by activating an appropriate response; processes information

Cardiovascular system key structures

heart, blood vessels, arteries, and capillaries.

Cardiovascular system functions

pump blood around the body; transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste.

Respiratory system key structures

lungs, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchus

Respiratory system functions

assists with gas exchange with the external environment; keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removed carbon dioxide.

Lymphatic and immune system key structure

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow

Lymphatic and immune system functions

filters fluid in the body; mounts the attack against foreign substances in the body.

Digestive system key structures

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver

Digestive system functions

breaks down food into its nutrient molecules; absorbs nutrients; rids the body of waste.

Urinary system key structures

kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra

Urinary system functions

eliminates waste from the body; regulates water balance of the blood.

Endocrine system key structures

adrenal gland, pituitary gland, ovary, testis

Endocrine system functions

secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells.

What charge is DNA ?

negative