3. Memory and Storage

Primary Memory (Pamięć operacyjna)

Directly accessible by the CPU, usually volatile, very fast (e.g., RAM, ROM)

Secondary Storage (Pamięć masowa)

Not directly accessible by CPU, non-volatile, slower (e.g., HDD, SSD)

RAM (Random Access Memory)

Pamięć o dostępie swobodnym, volatile, stores data/programs currently in use

ROM (Read-Only Memory)

Pamięć tylko do odczytu, non-volatile, stores boot-up instructions

DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

Dynamiczny RAM, needs refreshing to keep data

SRAM (Static RAM)

Statyczny RAM, does not need refreshing, faster than DRAM

PROM (Programmable ROM)

Programowalny ROM, can be programmed once

EPROM (Erasable PROM)

Kasowalny PROM, erasable with UV light

EEPROM (Electronically Erasable PROM)

Elektrycznie kasowalny PROM, erasable with pulsed voltages

Flash Memory

Pamięć flash, type of EEPROM used in USB sticks and SSDs

HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

Uses spinning magnetic platters and read-write heads

SSD (Solid State Drive)

No moving parts, uses flash memory, faster than HDD

Optical Storage

Uses laser light to read/write data (CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray)

Cloud Storage

Online storage on remote servers ("chmura")

USB Flash Drive

Portable storage using flash memory, connects via USB

Volatile

Ulotna (loses data without power)

Non-volatile

Nieulotna (keeps data without power)

Latency

Opóźnienie

Defragmentation

Defragmentacja (reorganizing data on a disk)

Cache Memory

Pamięć podręczna (high-speed memory close to CPU)

Registers

Rejestry (super-fast memory inside CPU)

Platters

Talerze (magnetic disks inside HDD)

Status Register

Holds bits indicating the result of an operation

Access Time

The total time to read or write data

Fragmented

When file parts are scattered across disk sectors