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Tragedy of the Commons
the tendency of a shared, limited resource to become depleted because people act from self-interest for short-term gain
Solutions to Tragedy of the Commons
-Private ownership -Voluntary organization to enforce responsible use -Governmental regulations
Ostrom Tragedy of the Commons
Ostrom promoted a form of civic education that would teach people and groups to manage commons more effective and use and improve the design principles
Science
An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world.
Scientific Method Steps
Question, Research, Hypothesis, Experiment, Analyze the Data, Conclusion
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
reliable science
the concepts and ideas that are widely accepted by experts in a particular field of the natural or social sciences
peer review
A process by which the procedures and results of an experiment are evaluated by other scientists who are in the same field or who are conducting similar research.
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
mass number
the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in an atomic nucleus
trophic levels
The successive levels of organisms consuming one another
Names of trophic levels
producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer
Producer
An organism that can make its own food. (plant)
primary consumer
An organism that eats producers (bird)
secondary consumer
An organism that eats primary consumers (snake)
tertiary consumer
An organism that eats secondary consumers (fox)
Evolution
Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
species interactions
predation, competition, parasitism
predation
An interaction in which one organism kills another for food.
competition
the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
primary productivity
rate at which organic matter is created by producers in an ecosystem
high primary productivity
high plant growth = lots of food & shelter for animals
low primary productivity
dessert- low H20 and nutrients; tundra- low temp and low H20; open ocean- low nutrients
ecological sucession
series of changes in the species in a community, often following a disturbance
primary succession
An ecological succession that begins in an area where no biotic community previously existed
secondary sucession
Series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem has been disturbed, but where soil and organisms still exists.
climax succession
a stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species
density dependent factors
limiting factor that depends on population size
desnity independent
these populations, birth rate and death rate do not change with population density
Bioaccumulation
The accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism.
biomagnification
accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain
global population and growth rate
increasing
Macro nutrients
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Micronutrients
vitamins and minerals
lack of vitamins
fatigue, hair loss, depression
Lack of minerals
weakness, cramps, hair loss
CAFOs
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
clay
the finest soil, made up of particles that are less than 0.002 mm in diameter.
silt
A mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks
sand
the coarsest soil, with particles 0.05,2.0 mm in diameter.
loam
A mixture of gravel, sand, silt, clay, and organic matter
pesticides
Chemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants, but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals.
Rodenticides
Pesticides that kill rodents.
insecticides
a chemical that kills insects
fungicide
substance that kills fungi or inhibits their growth
cross breeding
combining gametes from parents with different traits
transgenesis
introduction to new genes
gene editing
a highly precise type of genetic engineering in which DNA is inserted, deleted or replaced in the genome of an organism using engineered nucleases
Synthetic Pesticides Disadvantages
promote genetic resistance, kill natural pest enemies, pollute environment, can harm wildlife and people, expensive for farmers
Synthetic Pesticides Advantages
save lives from insect-transmitted diseases, increase food supplies, profitable, work fast, safe if used properly
alternatives to synthetic pesticides
fool the pest (crop rotate, change planting times); provide homes for pests' enemies (use polyculture); bring natural enemies (predators, parasites, and diseases); use insect perfumes (pheromones); bring hormones that interfere with the pests' life cycle
hydroponics
a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients
Endangered Species Act
(1973) identifies threatened and endangered species in the U.S., and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations
invasive species
plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native
selective cutting
cutting down only some trees in a forest and leaving a mix of tree sizes and species behind
clear cutting
The process of cutting down all the trees in an area at once
strip cutting
clear-cutting a strip of trees along the contour of land within a corridor narrow enough to allow natural regeneration
geology
Study of the earth
sedimentary rock
A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together
igneous rock
a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface
metamorphic rock
A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.
greenhouse gases
Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect.
climate change effects
melting ice and glaciers, sea level rise, loss of biodiversity, changing ocean currents
acid rain trends
mostly caused by human activities, fossil fuels released into atmosphere react w/ water and oxygen to form sulfuric and nitric acid, winds spread -> acid rain enters water systems as runoff -> toxic to aquatic animals, robs soil of their nutrients
Water conservation methods
Protect fresh drinking water resources. Save money on household utilities. Conserve energy needed to pump, heat, and treat fresh water. Reduce harmful land erosion caused by agricultural irrigation. Maintain essential aquatic ecosystems
Dead Zone Gulf of Mexico
a large zone of hypoxia caused by excessive decomposition of algae
water pollution
the addition of any substance that has a negative effect on water or the living things that depend on the water
point source pollution
pollution that comes from a specific site
nonpoint source pollution
pollution that comes from many sources rather than from a single, specific site
renewable energy
A resource that can be replaced when needed.
nonrenewable resource
a resource that cannot be replaced
EPA Waste Management Hierarchy
-source reduction & reuse -recycling / composting -energy recovery -treatment & disposal
Muncipal Waste
household/ commercial waste
china
a lot of e-waste was shipped there, now illegal but is still smuggled there
recycling
Convert waste into reusable material.
Composting
The process of helping biodegradable wastes to decompose naturally
anaerobic digesters
Organic matter is broken down by bacteria, bacteria release methane which is captured and burned for heat and electricity. Remaining organic matter can be used as fertilizer.
hazardous waste
Any material that can be harmful to human health or the environment if it is not properly disposed of
Love Canal
A neighborhood in Niagara Falls, New York, which became the subject of national and international attention, controversy, and eventual environmental notoriety following the discovery of 21,000 tons of toxic waste buried beneath the neighborhood.
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
CERCLA
Puts a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries
Superfund Sites
abandoned sites w/ hazardous waste
phytoremediation
A method employed to clean up a hazardous waste site that uses plants to absorb and accumulate toxic materials
city trends
more people are moving to urban areas
city definitions
census defines a city as an urban area with more than 2500 residents, but definitions are based on the function of the area
problems with population increase in cities
air pollution, wastewater treatment, water shortages, rising sea levels, informal settlement
urban sprawl
The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.
environmental issues with cars
take up space, polluters
smart growth
strategies for well planned developments that make efficient and effective use of land resources and existing infrastructure
conservation development
Consideration of landscape history, human culture, topography, and ecological values in subdivision design. Using cluster housing, zoning, covenants, and other design features, at least half of a subdivision can be preserved as open space, farmland, or natural areas.
cluster development
Industry and homes grouped together. Leaves part of land undeveloped. Component of PUD. Zoning ordinance may allow smaller lot size.
open space zoning
the amount of open area on a zoning lot in the form of percentage relative to the building square footage
Economics
The study of how people seek to satisfy their needs and wants by making choices
natural capital
Natural resources and natural services that keep us and other species alive and support our economies.
human capital
the skills and knowledge gained by a worker through education and experience
manufactured capital
all goods and services that humans produce
neoclassical economics
view the earth's natural capital as a part of the human economic system - the potential for economic growth is unlimited - and we can find substitutes for any resource or ecological service that is depleted or degraded
ecological economics
there are no substitutes for many natural resources, like clean water, clean air, fertile soil, biodiversity and they provide important ecological services