US history exam 2

What was the significance of the Seven Years' War from 1754-1763 in relation to the British Empire?

It led to British dominance in North America but created massive debt, prompting taxation of the colonies.

Who was Pontiac and what was his role in Pontiac’s War?

Pontiac was an Ottawa leader who led the war that resulted in the Royal Proclamation of 1763, restricting colonial expansion westward.

What did the Royal Proclamation of 1763 do?

It limited westward expansion, which angered colonists and worsened British-colonial relations.

What was the purpose of the Sugar (Revenue) Act of 1764?

To raise revenue from the colonies by taxing sugar imports.

How did colonists react to the Sugar (Revenue) Act?

They resisted and protested, setting the stage for future opposition to taxes.

What was the main aim of the Stamp Act of 1765?

It was a direct tax on paper goods to raise revenue for Britain.

What was the colonial response to the Stamp Act of 1765?

There was outrage, the formation of the Sons of Liberty, and widespread protests.

What is Virtual Representation and why was it significant?

It was a justification for British taxation that was rejected by colonists.

What was the impact of the Declaratory Act of 1766?

It asserted British authority over the colonies even though the Stamp Act was repealed.

What were the Townshend Duties and their effect?

They further taxed imported goods, leading to colonial boycotts and unrest.

What event is known as the Boston Massacre and what was its impact?

It involved British soldiers and Crispus Attucks; it was used as propaganda against British rule, increasing tensions.

What was the purpose of the Committees of Correspondence formed in 1772?

To strengthen colonial communication and resistance to British policies.

What was the outcome of the Tea Act of 1773?

It led to the Boston Tea Party and an increased British crackdown on the colonies.

What were the Coercive Acts of 1774 and their impact?

They punished Massachusetts and intensified colonial unity and resistance.

What was the significance of the First Continental Congress in 1774?

It coordinated a colonial response to British policies and was a step toward independence.

What was established by the Second Continental Congress in 1775?

It created the Continental Army and appointed George Washington as commander.

What was the role of the Continental Army formed in 1775?

To organize colonial military efforts against Britain.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Bunker Hill in 1775?

It was an early morale booster for colonists, despite British victory.

Who were the key figures in the Declaration of Independence and its significance?

Thomas Jefferson (author), John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin; it formally declared the colonies' independence from Britain.

What happened at the Battle of Long Island in 1776?

It was a British victory that forced Washington’s retreat but did not end the war.

What was the impact of the Ladies Association formed in 1776?

It demonstrated women’s active role in supporting the war effort.

What was the impact of Loyalists during the American Revolution?

They caused deep divisions among American colonists and added to internal conflicts.

What was significant about the Battle of Oriskany in 1777?

It was a major conflict between Patriots, Loyalists, and Native Americans.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Saratoga in 1777?

It was a turning point that led to a French alliance with the colonies.

What was the Treaty of Amity and Commerce signed in 1778?

It secured crucial French support for the American Revolution.

What was the significance of the Battle of Yorktown in 1781?

It was the final major battle that led to British surrender.

What was the impact of the Treaty (Peace) of Paris in 1783?

It officially ended the war and recognized U.S. independence.

What were the Articles of Confederation created in 1781?

The first U.S. government that established weak central authority, leading to calls for a stronger constitution.

What was the ideological foundation for the new government during the 1780s?

Republicanism.

What was the Newburgh Conspiracy in 1783?

It prevented a military uprising and affirmed civilian control over the military.

What did the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) establish?

It established Native American land cessions to the U.S.

What was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

It organized the settlement of the Northwest Territory and banned slavery there.

What was the significance of Shays’ Rebellion (1786-1787)?

It highlighted weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and pushed for a stronger federal government.

What was the Virginia Plan proposed in 1787?

It proposed a strong central government with representation based on population.

What was the New Jersey Plan proposed in 1787?

It advocated for equal representation in Congress regardless of state size.

What was the significance of the United States Constitution adopted in 1787?

It established the current framework of U.S. government.

What was the Three-Fifths Clause in 1787?

It counted enslaved people as partial population for representation and taxation.

Who were the Federalists and what did they support (1787-1788)?

They supported the Constitution and favored a strong central government.

Who were the Antifederalists and what was their impact (1787-1788)?

They opposed the Constitution and led to the addition of the Bill of Rights.

What was the impact of the Bill of Rights adopted in 1791?

It guaranteed essential freedoms and addressed Antifederalist concerns.

What was the concept of Republican Motherhood in the 1790s?

It encouraged women’s role in nurturing civic virtue in children.

What did Hamilton propose in the Report on Public Credit in 1790?

It aimed at stabilizing national debt and economy.

What was the purpose of the Report on Manufactures in 1791?

It advocated for industrial development and protective tariffs.

What was the impact of the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794?

It tested federal authority and showed the government’s ability to suppress uprisings.

What was the Treaty of Greenville in 1795?

It forced Native American land cessions after the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

What was the significance of the Jay Treaty (1794-1795)?

It improved U.S.-British relations but angered France and Republicans.

What was the impact of the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)?

It inspired enslaved people but worried U.S. slaveholders.

What characterized the Federalists vs. Republicans in the 1790s?

It marked the emergence of political factions.

What did the XYZ Affair (1797-1798) lead to?

It led to the Quasi-War with France.

What were the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 and their impact?

They restricted free speech and targeted immigrants, leading to backlash.

What was the significance of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)?

They asserted states' rights and challenged federal authority.