US history exam 2

Chapter 6: The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis, 1754-1775

Seven Years' War (1754-1763)

• Important Figures: George Washington, British and French forces

• Impact: Led to British dominance in North America but created massive debt, prompting taxation of colonies.

Pontiac’s War (1763-1766)

• Important Figures: Pontiac (Ottawa leader)

• Impact: Led to the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which restricted colonial expansion westward.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

• Impact: Angered colonists by limiting westward expansion, worsening British-colonial relations.

Sugar (Revenue) Act (1764)

• British Rationale: Raise revenue from colonies by taxing sugar imports.

• Colonial Response: Resistance and protest, setting the stage for opposition to future taxes.

Stamp Act (1765)

• British Rationale: Direct tax on paper goods to raise revenue.

• Colonial Response: Outrage, formation of the Sons of Liberty, widespread protests.

Virtual Representation (1765)

• Impact: Justification for British taxation, rejected by colonists.

Declaratory Act (1766)

• Impact: Asserted British authority over colonies despite repealing the Stamp Act.

Townshend Duties (1767)

• Impact: Further taxed imported goods, led to colonial boycotts and unrest.

Boston Massacre (1770)

• Important Figures: British soldiers, Crispus Attucks (first casualty)

• Impact: Propaganda against British rule, increased tensions.

Committees of Correspondence (1772)

• Impact: Strengthened colonial communication and resistance to British policies.

Tea Act of 1773

• Impact: Led to the Boston Tea Party, increased British crackdown on colonies.

Coercive Acts (1774)

• Impact: Punished Massachusetts, intensified colonial unity and resistance.

First Continental Congress (1774)

• Impact: Coordinated colonial response to British policies, first step toward independence.

Chapter 7: The War for America, 1775-1783

Second Continental Congress (1775)

• Impact: Created the Continental Army, appointed George Washington as commander.

Continental Army (1775)

• Impact: Organized colonial military efforts against Britain.

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

• Impact: Early morale booster for colonists despite British victory.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

• Important Figures: Thomas Jefferson (author), John Adams, Benjamin Franklin

• Impact: Formally declared the colonies' independence from Britain.

Battle of Long Island (1776)

• Impact: British victory, forced Washington’s retreat but did not end the war.

Ladies Association (1776)

• Impact: Demonstrated women’s active role in supporting the war effort.

Loyalists (Throughout the war)

• Impact: Deep divisions among American colonists, internal conflicts.

Battle of Oriskany (1777)

• Impact: Major conflict between Patriots, Loyalists, and Native Americans.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

• Impact: Turning point; led to French alliance with the colonies.

Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1778)

• Impact: Secured crucial French support for the American Revolution.

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

• Impact: Final major battle, led to British surrender.

Treaty (Peace) of Paris (1783)

• Impact: Officially ended the war, recognized U.S. independence.

Chapter 8: Building a Republic, 1775-1789

Articles of Confederation (1781)

• Impact: First U.S. government, weak central authority, led to calls for a stronger constitution.

Republicanism (1780s)

• Impact: Ideological foundation for the new government.

Newburgh Conspiracy (1783)

• Impact: Prevented a military uprising, affirmed civilian control over the military.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)

• Impact: Established Native American land cessions to the U.S.

Northwest Ordinance (1787)

• Impact: Organized settlement of the Northwest Territory, banned slavery there.

Shays’ Rebellion (1786-1787)

• Impact: Highlighted weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation, pushed for stronger federal government.

Virginia Plan (1787)

• Impact: Proposed a strong central government with representation based on population.

New Jersey Plan (1787)

• Impact: Advocated for equal representation regardless of state size.

United States Constitution (1787)

• Impact: Established the current framework of U.S. government.

Three-Fifths Clause (1787)

• Impact: Counted enslaved people as partial population for representation and taxation.

Federalists (1787-1788)

• Impact: Supported the Constitution, favored a strong central government.

Antifederalists (1787-1788)

• Impact: Opposed the Constitution, led to the addition of the Bill of Rights.

Chapter 9: The New Nation Takes Form, 1789-1800

Bill of Rights (1791)

• Impact: Guaranteed essential freedoms, addressed Antifederalist concerns.

Republican Motherhood (1790s)

• Impact: Encouraged women’s role in nurturing civic virtue in children.

Report on Public Credit (1790)

• Impact: Proposed by Hamilton, aimed at stabilizing national debt and economy.

Report on Manufactures (1791)

• Impact: Advocated for industrial development and protective tariffs.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

• Impact: Tested federal authority; showed government’s ability to suppress uprisings.

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

• Impact: Forced Native American land cessions after Battle of Fallen Timbers.

Jay Treaty (1794-1795)

• Impact: Improved U.S.-British relations but angered France and Republicans.

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

• Impact: Inspired enslaved people but worried U.S. slaveholders.

Federalists vs. Republicans (1790s)

• Impact: Marked the emergence of political factions.

XYZ Affair (1797-1798)

• Impact: Led to the Quasi-War with France.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

• Impact: Restricted free speech, targeted immigrants, led to backlash.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798-1799)

• Impact: Asserted states' rights, challenged federal authority.