Parasitology Final

studied byStudied by 25 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

Ideal parasite

1 / 67

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

68 Terms

1

Ideal parasite

move from a parasitic relationship to a commensal relationship

New cards
2

Example of an ideal parasite

T. saginata

New cards
3

What is parasitism?

a symbiotic relationship between two different species, where one, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host.

New cards
4

What can be considered as an extreme environment?

the host

New cards
5

Parasite habitats

vertebrate alimentary canal and lumens; tissues

New cards
6

What are the three basic types of adaptations?

behavioral, physiological (LC), and structural (morphological)

New cards
7

list of morphological adaptations

size, shape, attachment, body surface, reproductive system

New cards
8

size

larger to house reproductive system

New cards
9

list of shape adaptations

  • long and thin: dense connective tissue (D. medinensis)

  • flat and broad: cling to host tissue (F. buski and T.solium)

  • round: lumen dwelling (W. bancrofti)

New cards
10

list of attachment adaptations

  • suckers/acetabula

  • biological holdfast

  • hooks

  • teeth

New cards
11

parasites with suckers/acetabula

Cestodes and Trematodes

New cards
12

parasites with biological holdfast

Protozoa and Giardia

New cards
13

parasites with hooks

Cestodes and Acanthocephalans

New cards
14

list of body surface adaptations

  • cuticle (resistance to host natural & specific immunity)

  • absorptive surface (absorb nutrients via tegument)

New cards
15

parasites with cuticle

Nematodes

New cards
16

parasites with absorptive surface

tapeworms

New cards
17

methods of absorptive surface

  • active transport

  • facilitated diffusion

  • simple diffusion

New cards
18

example of dioecious reproductive system (2 separate sexes)

nematodes; A. lumbricoides

New cards
19

examples of a hermaphroditic parasite

  • Cestodes; T. saginata

  • Trematodes

New cards
20

parasite with reproductive cyst

E. histolytica

New cards
21

complex life cycle

allow sexual and asexual reproduction

New cards
22

parasites with complex life cycles

Schistosomes and Plasmodium

New cards
23

parasites with bioaccumulation

D. latum

New cards
24

parasite with a parasitic and free living life cycle

Strongyloides stercoralis

New cards
25

what is nonspecific immunity?

differentiates self from non self

New cards
26

aspects of nonspecific immunity

phagocytosis and inflammation

New cards
27

what is inflammation?

movement and actions of WBCs at the site of injury/infection

New cards
28

steps of inflammation?

  • margination (adhesion)

  • diapedesis (migration of cells through the walls of blood capillaries into the tissue spaces)

  • chemotaxis (movement)

  • ingestion

  • digestion

  • granuloma formation

New cards
29

specific immunity mediated by

T-cells and B-cells

New cards
30

humoral (immunoglobulin or antibody) = ?

B-cells

New cards
31

cell mediated immunity = ?

T-cells

New cards
32

maturation of T-cells location

thymus

New cards
33

maturation of B-cells location in mammals

bone marrow

New cards
34

maturation of B-cells location in birds

bursa

New cards
35

parasitic infection can result in

disease

New cards
36

results of disease

  • chronic infection

  • recovery

  • death

New cards
37

chronic infection

immunity to trickle infections

New cards
38

recovery

immunity to reinfection

New cards
39

list of intestinal nematodes

  • Ascaris lumbricoides (giant round worm)

  • Necator americanus (hookworm)

  • Trichinella spiralis (pork worm)

New cards
40

list of blood and tissue parasites

  • Schistosoma mansoni (Bilharzia)

  • Trypanosoma gambiense (African sleeping sickness)

New cards
41

blood and tissue parasites have

greater pathology

New cards
42

Immune response to Ascaris

avoids the immune system by living in the small intestines (feeds on what we eat, not us)

New cards
43

Immune response to hookworms (Necator)

some inflammation due to partial tissue invader

New cards
44

Immune response to Trichinella

tissue invader; good immune response, but leave larvae behind

New cards
45

Ascaris lumbricoides location

  • larvae in lungs

  • adults in small intestines

New cards
46

Ascaris pathology

blockage of small intestine, bile duct, mouth and nose, appendix

New cards
47

Trichinella spiralis adults cause

severe intestinal inflammation - self-cure - worms expelled in 14 days

New cards
48

Trichinenella spiralis larvae travel to and are sequestered in

muscle cells

New cards
49

Who lives in the most extreme environment?

Trichinella - deep in the mucosa of the small intestine

New cards
50

what type of immunity is most important in Trichinella expulsion?

cell mediated immunity (T-cells)

New cards
51

which T-cell is most important in Trichinella expulsion?

Th1 cell

New cards
52

Trichinella spiralis immune response mechanism:

  1. worm antigens

  2. Cell stimulation (Th2, Antibody in lymph node, Th1)

  3. antibody and Th1 cell locate antigens

  4. Th1 secrete lymphokines (attracts immune response; stimulatory, chemotactic, and arming)

  5. Inflammatory cells activated (monocytes-macrophages target antigens)

  6. worms move down the S.I. until expulsion

  7. larvae left behind

New cards
53

Primary immune response of Trichinella spiralis (initial exposure)

small numbers of Th1/Th2/B-cells that recognize T.spiralis = expulsion in 14 days

New cards
54

Secondary immune response of Trichinella spiralis (secondary exposure)

MEMORY Th1/ Th2/ B-cells that recognize T.spiralis = expulsion in 7 days

New cards
55

Trichinella moves to new tissue…

inflammation follows

New cards
56

which experiment proves molecular mimicry by worm transplants between host?

Smithers’ Experiment

New cards
57

molecular mimicry

antigen masking

New cards
58

immunity against schistosomes

antibody and WBCs most effective

New cards
59

Smithers’ experiment conclusion

  • worms survive by using molecular mimicry by acquiring blood group antigens on their outer surface

  • surface of schistosomes is comprised of novel glycans

New cards
60

Smithers’ experiment transfer outcomes:

  • infected monkey → normal monkey = worms survive

  • infected monkey → anti-mouse monkey = worms survive

  • infected mouse → normal monkey = worms survive but egg laying was interrupted

  • infected mouse → anti-mouse monkey = worms killed

New cards
61

Trypanosoma gambiensis pathology

  • African sleeping sickness

  • gains access to the CNS → perivascular cuffing

  • confusion → inactivity → coma → death

New cards
62

why does Trypanosome parasitemia fluctuate?

  • specific antibody against glycoprotein coat and changing glycoprotein coat

  • alternate expression of genes controlling variant specific surface glycoproteins (VSG coat)

New cards
63

Is Trypanosoma manipulating the immune system?

yes

New cards
64

What benefit is it to the parasite to manipulate the immune system?

population control

New cards
65

which parasites have immuno-avoidance?

Ascaris & hookworm

New cards
66

which parasite is dependent on life cycle development?

Trichinella

New cards
67

which parasite use molecular mimicry?

Schistosomes

New cards
68

which parasite have antigenic variation?

Trypanosomes

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 1 person
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 12 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 28 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 4 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 460 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 49 people
Updated ... ago
4.0 Stars(3)
note Note
studied byStudied by 15 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 63 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard78 terms
studied byStudied by 47 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard28 terms
studied byStudied by 4 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard34 terms
studied byStudied by 15 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard28 terms
studied byStudied by 2 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard22 terms
studied byStudied by 1 person
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard38 terms
studied byStudied by 1 person
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard92 terms
studied byStudied by 2 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)
flashcards Flashcard30 terms
studied byStudied by 31 people
Updated ... ago
5.0 Stars(1)