Mitosis/Meiosis

Anaphase

chromatids are separated and moving in opposite sides

binary fission

cells grow double the size then divide

cell cycle

an order of sequences in a cell’s life

cell division

the reproduction of cells

cell plate

where new cell walls form during cytokinesis

cell cycle control system

triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle

centromere

region of the chromosomes where chromatids are joined

checkpoint

cell checks if everything is okay before moving on

chromatin

DNA and protein complex that condenses into distinct chromosomes

chromosomes

threadlike structures that are composed of DNA and protein

cleavage furrow

a shallow groove in the cell (animal)

cyclin

protein involved in the regulation of the cell cycle

cyclin dependant kinase

a protein kinase that is active only attached to a certain cyclin

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm (pinching of cells)

density dependant inhibition

causes animal cells to stop dividing when in contact with others

G0 phase

no dividing (normal)

G1 phase

cell divides

G2

continued growth

gametes

haploid reproductive cells (sperm and eggs)

genomes

all genes in an organism

growth factor

a protein that stimulates the growth of specific tissues

interphase

cell doing normal activity

kinetochore

a protein that connects chromosomes to microtubules which distributes replicated genes

metaphase

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

metaphase plate

an imaginary line that runs across a cell (into hemisphere)

mitosis

division of the neucleus

miotic (M) phase

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

miotic spindle

organizes chromosomes

MPF

promotes spindle assembly, chromatin condensation, and breakdown of the neuclear envelope

prometaphase

nuclear membrane breaks down

prophase

chromosomes condense

S phase

synthesis/DNA replication

sister chromatids

identical chromatids formed by DNA replication of a chromosome

somatic cell

any other cell than sperm or egg

telophase

final phase of cell division and chomosomes move in opposite direction

Asexual reproduction

single individual is the parent which copies all of its genes into an identical cloned offspring (without sexual reproduction)

autosomes

non sex chromosomes

chiasmata

point of contact between the homologous paired chromosomes

clone

identical set

crossing over

exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes

diploid cells

condition in which cell contains two sets of chromosomes

gene

units of heredity; made of DNA; found on the chromosomes

genetics

the study of genes

Haploid cell

condition which cell contains 1 set of chromosomes

heredity

passing of genes from parents to offspring

homologous chromosomes

chromosomes that have the same centromere position, genetic loci, and length

karyotype

individuals compete set of chromosomes

meiosis

nuclear division that must occur to produce haploid gametes

Meiosis 1

division of Homologous chromosomes

Meiosis 2

sister chromatids separate

sex chromosomes

dissimilar chromosomes that determine an individual’s sex

synapsis

small gap that allows signals to pass to neurons

tetrad

homologous chromosomes pair up together

zygote

union of two gametes