biopsychology

Fixed behaviours are __, instinctual responses.

Innate

Flexible behaviours are __, adaptable responses.

Learned

Materialism asserts that mental processes are __ brain processes.

physical

The belief in dualism posits that mind and body are __.

separate

Mentalism suggests that reality is a __ construct.

mental

The mind-body problem investigates how mental states relate to __ states.

physical

The encephalization quotient (EQ) measures brain size relative to __ size.

body

The evolution of larger brains is linked to __ behaviours.

complex

Brain size is __ correlated with intelligence; structure and connectivity matter more.

not always

Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to __ in response to experience.

reorganize

The Somatic Nervous System (SNS) controls __ muscle activity.

voluntary

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) regulates __ functions.

involuntary

The sympathetic division of the ANS is associated with __.

'fight or flight' (↑ heart rate)

The parasympathetic division of the ANS is associated with __.

'rest and digest' (↓ heart rate)

Signals sent to the CNS are referred to as __, while signals from the CNS are __.

Afferent; Efferent

The four lobes of the brain include the frontal lobe responsible for __.

decision-making, motor control

The parietal lobe processes __ information.

sensory

The temporal lobe is involved in auditory processing and __.

memory

The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for __.

vision

Grey matter consists of __, while white matter contains myelinated axons.

cell bodies

The layers of protective membranes around the brain are known as __.

meninges

A spinal reflex is a __ response that occurs rapidly.

reflexive

In the spinal cord, sensory signals travel through the roots and motor signals travel via the roots.

dorsal; ventral

The localization vs. distributed function theory explains that some brain areas are __ while others collaborate.

specialized

The left hemisphere is typically associated with __ and logic.

language

The right hemisphere is associated with __ and emotional processing.

spatial

Neurons are considered the __ units of the brain.

functional

Dendrites signals, while axons signals.

receive; transmit

Myelin is important because it __ conduction speed.

speeds up

The PNS can regenerate, whereas the __ cannot.

CNS

Leak channels are __ open, while gated channels open with stimuli.

always

Na+/K+ pumps are critical for maintaining __ gradients.

ion

Transgenic techniques allow for the modification of __ in models.

genes

Phenotypic plasticity indicates that the __ can affect gene expression.

environment

Epigenetics involves chemical modifications that __ gene activity.

alter

The resting potential of a neuron is approximately __ mV.

-70

During action potential, depolarization involves __ influx.

Na+

Repolarization is characterized by __ efflux.

K+

The all-or-none law states that action potentials are __ in strength.

uniform

During the refractory period, __ (absolute) means no new action potential is possible.

absolute

Saltatory conduction occurs when action potential __ between Nodes of Ranvier.

jumps

EPSPs are while IPSPs are .

depolarizing; hyperpolarizing

Spatial summation involves __ inputs, while temporal summation involves rapid successive inputs.

multiple

Chemical synapses involve neurotransmitter release from __.

vesicles

Gap junctions define __ synapses, known for their speed.

electrical

Neurotransmitter inactivation can occur through reuptake or __.

enzymatic breakdown

Ionotropic receptors are known for being __ and direct.

fast

Metabotropic receptors are __ and indirect.

slow

The cholinergic system is primarily involved in __.

memory (ACh)

Dopaminergic systems are associated with __.

reward (DA)

The HPA axis is involved in the __ stress response.

slow

Agonists function by mimicking neurotransmitters, while antagonists work by __ neurotransmitters.

blocking

Tolerance can be metabolic, functional, or __.

learned

Addiction theories differentiate between wanting, driven by __, and liking, facilitated by opioids.

dopamine

SSRIs function by blocking the reuptake of __.

5-HT

Cocaine's action is primarily through blocking the reuptake of __.

DA

Neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, are discussed in the context of __.

development

Synaptic pruning helps to __ neural connections.

refine

The dorsal stream in vision is associated with __, while the ventral stream is about __.

where; what

Pain processing can be explained by the __ theory, which involves inhibition by touch.

gate

Explicit memory is primarily associated with the while implicit memory involves the .

hippocampus; cerebellum

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) refer to the __ of synapses.

strengthening/weakening

Schizophrenia is linked to __ hyperactivity.

dopamine

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by the presence of __ plaques.

amyloid

Therapies such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) are used for __.

Parkinson's disease.