Chapter 6

Bone

Osseous tissue forming whole bone, including vessels and nerves.

Cartilage

Embryonic forerunner of most bones and covering of many joint surfaces.

Ligaments

Connective tissue that holds bone to bone at joints.

Tendons

Connect muscles to bone.

Support

One of the primary functions of the skeletal system.

Movement

A function of the skeletal system that allows locomotion.

Protection

The skeletal system protects delicate organs.

Blood formation

Occurs in red bone marrow as a function of the skeletal system.

Osseous tissue

Connective tissue with a matrix hardened by mineralization.

Long bone

Composed of compact and spongy bone tissue, with two epiphyses and a diaphysis.

Marrow cavity

The hollow space within a long bone that contains bone marrow.

Epiphyseal line

Remnant of the growth plate in long bones.

Periosteum

A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones.

Nutrient foramina

Small openings in bones for blood vessels.

Endosteum

Lining of the marrow cavity in bones.

Articular cartilage

Smooth tissue that covers the ends of bones at joints.

Osteogenic cells

Stem cells that develop into osteoblasts and osteocytes.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that produce new bone matrix.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells residing in lacunae.

Osteoclasts

Bone-dissolving macrophages derived from multiple stem cells.

Composite material

Bone is a combination of ceramic (hydroxyapatite) and polymer (collagen).

Hydroxyapatite

A mineral that provides rigidity to bone.

Rickets

A disease caused by mineral deficiency leading to soft bones.

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A condition resulting from collagen deposition defects.

Compact bone

Dense bone tissue with osteons as its basic unit.

Osteon

The structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae.

Central canal

Contains vessels and nerves in compact bone.

Perforating canals

Connect vessels and nerves between osteons.

Circumferential lamellae

Layers of bone that encircle the outer surface of compact bone.

Lacunae

Small spaces in bone where osteocytes reside.

Canaliculi

Tiny canals that allow nutrient sharing among osteocytes.

Spongy bone

Cancellous bone with a porous structure filled with red bone marrow.

Trabeculae

Thin plates of bone found in spongy bone.

Red bone marrow

Hematopoietic tissue responsible for blood cell formation.

Yellow marrow

Bone marrow primarily composed of fat.

Ossification

The process of bone formation.

Intramembranous ossification

Bone development from a fibrous sheet, forming flat bones.

Endochondral ossification

Bone development from a hyaline cartilage model.

Growth plates

Areas in long bones where growth occurs via endochondral ossification.

Appositional growth

Growth in diameter and thickness of mature bone.

Stress fracture

A fracture caused by abnormal trauma.

Pathological fracture

A fracture occurring in weakened bones due to disease.

Closed reduction

Non-surgical manipulation of bone fragments for fracture repair.

Open reduction

Surgical intervention involving plates, screws, or pins for fracture repair.

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk.

Estrogen decrease

A cause of osteoporosis, particularly in postmenopausal women.

Prolonged illness

A factor that can lead to bone weakening, especially in children.

Inflammation

Certain medical conditions causing increased inflammation can contribute to osteoporosis.

Pathological fractures

Result from weakened bones due to osteoporosis, making them brittle.