Language

Cognition (cognitive psychology)

mental activities and processes associated with thinking knowing remembering and communication info. 

Concept

mental grouping of similar objects, events, states, ideas, and/or people, etc. 

Prototype

kinda like schemas 

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Trial and error

doing things over and over again until you get it

Algorithm

step by step strategy for solving a problem, methodically leading to a specific solution 

heuristics 

short cut, step-saving thinking strategy or principle 

representative heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us at ignore other relevant information 

available heuristic

estimate likelihood of an event based on how much it stands out in our mind, that is how much it presume such events are common

insight

gets it instantly, sudden realization of a problems solution

Convergent thinking

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution 

Divergent thinking

expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions 

Wolfgang Kohler’s experiment

place food outside of monkeys reach and have the monkey have tools and do stuff to get the food. 

* insight 

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Confirmation bias

our tendency to search info that confirms our current theories

Fixation / Functional fixedness

stuck in one way of thinking; inability to think form a new perspective

Overconfidence

judgment refers to our tendency to be more confident than correct

Framing

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgment 

Belief bias 

rely on prior beliefs rather than obeying logical principles

Belief perseverance

continue to believe in something even though there are too much evidence against it 

Language

our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning 

Chomsky

brain structures has allow capacity to learn and use language 

Whorf / Linguistic Determination

the strong form of whorf's hypothesis - that language controls the way we think and interpret the world around 

grammar

rules for using words, including semantics, definition, connotation, syntax

Morpheme

units of meaning (suffix and prefix)

Phoneme

smallest units of sounds (vowels and consonants) 

Semantic

study meaning is stored in the mind

Syntax

cognitive capacity to connect linguistic meaning with linguistic form 

Stages of language development (name and example)

0-4m: receptive

* associating sounds with facial movement, recognition 

4m: productive 

* language, babbling sounds and gesture

10m: babbling sounds more language 

12M: one word

* dad, mom, poop, eat

18-4m: two words

* go park 

24m-2y+: speaking 

* sentences

Telegraphic Speech

early speech state in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs 

40

How many phonemes are English words constructed from?

critical poitns

periods in which a child will learn to speak