APHG chapter 2

thomas malthus

believed that population rises geometrically while food production rises arithmetically

ecumene zone

permanent human settlement (grown larger over time)

arithmetic density

total number of people in an area

physiological desnity

number of people supported by a unit area of arable land

agricultural density

ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

arable land

where food can be grown

crude birth rate (CBR)

the total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people

crude death rate (CDR)

the total number of deaths per year for every 1000 people

natural increase rate (NIR or RNI)

the percentage of how much a population grows in a year

doubling time

the number of years needed to double a population

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children a woman will have in prime childbearing years (15-49)

DTM stage 1: low growth

very high CBR, very high CDR, very low NIR

DTM stage 2: high growth

high CBR, rapidly declining CDR, very high NIR

DTM stage 3: moderate growth

rapidly declining CBR, moderately declining CDR, moderate NIR

DTM stage 4: low growth

very low CBR, low CDR, zero or negative NIR

examples of countries in stage 1 (DTM)

none

example of countries in stage 2 (DTM)

Gambia, Sub-Saharan Africa (Niger, Somalia, etc), Yemen

examples of countries in stage 3 (DTM)

Mexico, Columbia, India, Jamaica

examples of countries in stage 4 (DTM)

Denmark, USA, Canada, China

census

counts population, responsible for providing data

sex ratio

ratio of women to men

dependency ratio

proportion of people in working age (15-64) to people in not working age (under 15 and over 64)

neo-malthusians

people who believe that the population will someday grow and we will not have enough food to feed the world

pro-natalist

countries ways to try and promote their citizens to having more kids

anti-natalist

countries ways to try and promote their citizens to have less kids

epidemiologic transition model

identifies distinct health threats in each stage of the DTM

ETM stage 1

high CDR - most deaths occur due to diseases or parasitic infections because of inaccessible healthcare

ETM stage 2

high CBR, low CDR - improved sanitation, nutrition, and medicine

ETM stage 3

low CBR and CDR - living longer, mostly dying of chronic diseases of old age

ETM stage 4

low DBR, low but increasing CDR - deaths caused by cardiovascular diseases and and progressive diseases are delayed

age distribution

the relative proportions of different age groups in a population

demographic transition

a change in a soceity’s population in stages

child mortality rate

the number of deaths between 1-5 per 1000 birthsepide

epidemiologic transition

the change in causes of death through stages of a country

infant morality rate

the number of deaths for infants under 1 out of 1000

life expectancy

the average number of years an individual is expected to live

medical revolution

medical technology invented in Europe and North America that helped to end leading diseases

overpopulation

when the number of people in an area exceed the capabilities of the environment

population pyramid

a bar graph that represents the distribution of age and gender

zero population growth (ZPG)

a decline of TFR to where the NIR equals zero

contraception

any method, device, or substance used to prevent pregnancy

population center

the geographical point that represents the average location of the population