APUSH - Final Part 3(Ch 9-12)

Andrew Jackson

7th President

Wasn't born into riches, didn't even have a college education

He was supported by many of the laborers because of his modest beginnings

He was a Delegate, Congressman, Senator and then a Judge on the TN Supreme Court,

He then joined the TN militia and fought against Native Americans and Britain in the war of 1812

He developed a reputation for being as "tough as old hickory and earned the nickname "Old Hickory"

Universal white male suffrage

Nearly all white adult males were allowed to vote in elections

Daniel Webster

A conservative delegate who opposed democratic changes in Massachusetts at the 1820 Massachusetts Constitutional Convention

Argued that power naturally follows property and therefore property should have influence in politics

Martin Van Buren

Led a political group in New York known as the "Bucktails" or "Albany Regency"

Challenged the established political leadership of De Witt Clinton

Argued that organized political parties were necessary for true democracy

Second party system

Emerged in the 1830s as a fully formed two-party system at the national level

Consisted of the Whigs (anti-Jackson) and the Democrats (Jackson supporters)

Both parties accepted each other as legitimate opposition

Whigs

One of the two major parties in the Second Party System

Formed as the anti-Jackson opposition force

Accepted the legitimacy of organized political parties

Democrats

Followers of Andrew Jackson who formed what is now America's oldest political party

Previously called a longer name but shortened their name

Believed in equal protection and benefits for all white male citizens

"Spoils system"

The practice of elected officials appointing their supporters to government positions

Summarized by William L. Marcy's quote "To the victors belong the spoils"

Under Jackson, about one-fifth of federal officeholders were replaced

John C. Calhoun

Vice President under Jackson who was 46 years old in 1828

Developed the theory of nullification as a moderate alternative to secession

Had to resign as Vice President due to conflicts with Jackson and became a senator

Nullification

A theory stating that states could declare federal laws invalid within their borders

Based on the idea that states, not courts or Congress, could decide if federal laws were constitutional

Drew from Madison and Jefferson's ideas and the Tenth Amendment

"Tariff of Abominations"

The 1828 tariff that many South Carolinians blamed for their state's economic problems

Actually, the state's problems were mainly due to exhausted farmland

Led to the nullification crisis in South Carolina

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Created by Henry Clay to resolve the nullification crisis

Would gradually lower tariff rates until 1842 to match 1816 levels

Passed on the same day as the Force Bill

Henry Clay

Newly elected Senator who helped resolve the nullification crisis

Created the Compromise Tariff of 1833

His compromise helped avoid potential violence between South Carolina and federal government

"Five Civilized Tribes"

Name given to the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw nations in the South

Had established successful farming societies and stable economies

Were forced to move west despite their advanced civilization

Removal Act

Passed by Congress in 1830 with Jackson's approval

Provided money for negotiating treaties to relocate southern Native American tribes westward

Led to nearly 100 new treaties forcing Native Americans to give up their lands

"Indian Territory"

Area (later Oklahoma) where removed tribes were forced to relocate

Created officially by the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834

Chosen because it was far from white settlements and considered undesirable land

Trail of Tears

The forced journey of the Cherokee to Indian Territory in winter 1838

About one-eighth or more died during or shortly after the journey

Bank of the United States

A powerful financial institution with headquarters in Philadelphia and 29 branches across the nation

The only bank allowed to hold federal government funds, with the government owning one-fifth of its stock

Provided credit to businesses and issued reliable bank notes used throughout the country

Nicholas Biddle

Served as president of the Bank of the United States from 1823 onwards

Made the bank successful and financially stable

Tried to save the bank by giving financial favors to influential people like Daniel Webster

Bank War

The conflict between President Jackson and the Bank of the United States

Included Jackson's veto of the bank's recharter and removal of government deposits

Led to the bank's eventual death in 1836

"Independent treasury"

Van Buren's plan to replace the Bank of the United States

Government would keep its funds in _____ in Washington and subtreasuries in other cities

Finally passed through Congress in 1840 after initial failure in 1837

John Tyler

Became president after Harrison's death one month into office

Former Democrat who had left the party due to disagreements with Jackson

Vetoed many Whig proposals, leading to conflicts with party leadership

Lord Ashburton

British diplomat sent to negotiate with U.S. in 1842

Admirer of America who helped reduce tensions

Negotiated treaty with Webster to resolve border disputes

Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Established firm northern boundary between U.S. and Canada

Gave U.S. more than half of disputed Maine territory

Helped ease tensions from Caroline and Creole incidents

Caleb Cushing

American commissioner sent to China by Tyler administration

Negotiated Treaty of Wang Hya in 1844

Secured trading rights for Americans in China

Treaty of Wang Hya

First U.S.-China diplomatic agreement (1844); Caleb Cushing helped get it passed

Gave Americans same trading privileges as British in China

Established right of extraterritoriality for Americans in China

"Extraterritoriality"

Right of Americans accused of crimes in China to be tried by American officials

Established by Treaty of Wang Hya

Gave Americans special legal privileges in China

Erie Canal

Contributed to the rise of New York City after it was completed in 1825

Gave the city unrivaled access to goods from the Midwest

The greatest construction project the United States had ever undertaken

Not only an engineering triumph but was also an immediate financial success

Repaid itself within 7 years

Gave New York city a direct connection to Chicago and the growing markets of the west; Despite it’s success it was known as “Clinton’s Ditch”

"Nativism"

A defense of "natives" and a hostility to immigrants

Often wanted to stop or slow immigration

Often, it was a result of simple racism and nativists would overlook their immigrant heritage

They claimed that the immigrants were socially unfit, similar to how people viewed African Americans and Native Americans

Some argued that they were stealing jobs from the native labor force.

Many complained because of the impact that these immigrants had on politics, many of them voted Democratic

"Know-Nothings"

What members of the nativism movement became known as

THey had a strict code of secrecy; "I know nothing"

American Party

The Know-Nothings eventually turned their attention to politics and created a new political organization called the ___________

The part did well in Pennsylvania and New York and won control of the state government in Massachusetts but had no real progress anywhere else

Their strength gradually declined after 1854

De Witt Clinton

Became governor of New York in 1817

Was a supporter of building the Erie canal despite the high cost

Telegraph

An important advancement in communications

_______ lines often followed railroad tracks and provided instant communication between distant cities

Samuel F.B. Morse

Sent the first telegraph from Baltimore to Washington D.C

The news of James K. Polk's nomination for the presidency

i thnk he also helped make it

Interchangeable parts

Eli Whitney and Simeon North originally tried to introduce these into gun factories

These now found their way into many industries, making manufacturing some goods much easier including trains, bicycles, sewing machines, typewriters, etc.

Eli Whitney

Originally, tried to introduce interchangeable parts into gun factories but they became used in many different industries

Elias Howe

Created the first sewing machine that Isaac Singer would improve

Became known as the Howe-Singer machine and was being used to manufacture ready-to-wear clothing

Isaac Singer

Improved Howe's sewing machine

Became known as the Howe-Singer machine and was being used to manufacture ready-to-wear clothing

Lowell System

A system of recruitment for textile mills that was common in Massachusetts

Enlisted young women, mostly farmers' daughters in their late teens and early twenties

Also known as the Waltham System

Many worked for several years and saved their wages so that they could return home, and others married men they met in the factories

Very different from the European labor pattern, which had horrible conditions for women, comparably conditions in America were much better, especially in the early years of factory work

The women were fed well and carefully supervised, and even wages were generous by the standards of the time

This system declined over time as wages got worse and working conditions began to deteriorate

Commonwealth v. Hunt

The greatest legal victory of the industrial workers

The Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled in this case that unions were lawful organizations and that the strike was a lawful weapon

Other state courts gradually accepted the principles of the decision in Massachusetts

The union movement of the 1840s and 50s still remained generally ineffective

John Deere

Established factory in Moline, Illinois in 1847

Manufactured steel plows

Steel plows were more durable than iron ones

Cyrus McCormick

Invented the automatic reaper in 1834

Established factory in Chicago in 1847

His reaper allowed one worker to harvest as much wheat as five workers using older methods

By 1860, over 100,000 of his reapers were being used on western farms

Antebellum

The period in southern histor before the Civil War, particularly the mid-19th century

Slavery was still legal and the economy was dominated by cotton plantations and agriculture rather thean manufacturing

The South wass still dependant on the North

Preston Brooks

South Carolina congressman who violently beat Senator Charles Sumner with a cane in the Senate chamber

Attacked Sumner for what he saw as an insult to a relative

Became a hero in the South for defending Southern Honer

Charles Sumner

Southern senator who was beaten by Preston Brooks for saying what was perceived to be an insult

Task/gang systems

___ system: Enslaved people assigned specific jobs that they had to complete each day, and they were free after completion, this was more common in rice farming

____ system: groups of enslaved people works set hours under a drivers supervision (common in cotton, sugar, and tobacco plantations)

The 2nd one was more common

International slave trade

Became illegal in America after 1808

Led to the ratio of African Americans to whites in the South decreasing

Americans had to maintain their existing enslaved population through natural reproduction, unlike Caribbean plantations

Nat Turner

Led the only large-scale slave rebellion in the 19th century South in Virginia

His group killed 60 white people before being stopped by troops

More than 100 African Americans were executed afterwards

Abolitionism

The movement against slavery

This only caused the South to tighten their slavery system

Led to stricter laws against freeing enslaved people

"Manumission"

The act of freeing enslaved people

Became more difficult and almost impossible due to new state laws in the 1830s

Emancipation

The final freedom from slavery(To grant enslaved people freedom)

When it came, all enslaved people reacted with joy and celebration

Amistad

Ship where enslaved people took control while being transported in Cuba

Ended up in the US and they were eventually freed after John Quincy Adams argued that they shouldn't be sent back to slavery since the importation of slaves was illegal

John Quincy Adams

Former president that argued before the Supreme Court that the Amistad rebels should be freed

Won the case resulting in most of the former enslaved people going back to africa

Gabriel Prosser

Gathered 1000 enslaved people for a planned revolt near Richmond

The plot was revealed and _____ and 35 others were killed

Denmark Vesey

Free black person in Charleston who planned a revolt in 1822

Rumored to have 9000 followers before the plot was stopped

Underground Railroad

A network of sympathetic whites who helped enslaved people escape to the north or canada

Success as rare, especially for slaves in the deep south

Antebellum

The time period before the civil war

Hudson River School

The first great school of American painters

Artists like: Church, Cole, Doughty, DUrand

Painted views of the rugged Hudson Valley

Later expanded to paint other natural wonders like Yosemite, Yellowstone and the Rocky Mountains

Nature focused

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Leader of the transcendentalist movement

Left his position as a Unitarian minister to become a writer/teacher

Wrote famous essays

His work focused on Nature and promoted American cultural independence from Europe

Henry David Thoreau

Close friend of Emerson and also a leading transcendentalist

Lived alone for 2 years in a cabin at Walden Pond and wrote "Walden" about this experience

He developed the concept of civil disobedience through passive resistance to unjust laws(went to jail instead of paying a poll tax to protest slavery)

James Fenimore Cooper

First great American novelist, wrote over 30 novels in 3 decades

Focused on relationship between man and nature and challenges of westward expansion

Leatherstocking Tales were his most famous

Transcendentalists

Group of New England writers and philosophers influenced by German and English thinkers

Believed in distinction between "reason" (emotional truth) and "understanding" (intellectual knowledge)

Taught that individuals should transcend intellectual limits to follow emotions and instincts

Emphasized communion with nature as path to spiritual truth

Brook Farm

Experimental community established 1841 in West Roxbury, Massachusetts by George Ripley

Residents shared labor equally so all could have leisure time for self-cultivation

Aimed to bridge gap between intellectual and manual labor

Failed after fire destroyed central building in 1847

New Harmony

Experimental community founded in Indiana in 1825 by Robert Owen

Designed as "Village of Cooperation" with total equality among residents

Failed economically but inspired many similar communities

Based on Owen's socialist ideas

Mormonism

Religious movement founded by Joseph Smith in 1830s

Based on Book of _____, which Smith claimed to translate from golden tablets

Created highly organized, centrally directed social structure

Emphasized family structure and genealogy

Faced persecution for practices including polygamy

Joseph Smith

Founder of Mormon religion

Published Book of Mormon in 1830

Led Mormon communities in search of sanctuary

Killed by angry mob in Carthage, Illinois in 1844

Claimed to have found and translated ancient golden tablets

Brigham Young

Succeeded Joseph Smith as Mormon leader

Led 12,000 Mormons in migration to Utah

Established lasting settlement at Salt Lake City

Created permanent home for Mormon community after years of persecution

Second Great Awakening

A religious revival movement that began early in the century and became a powerful force for social reform by the 1820s

Led to the belief that every individual was capable of salvation, rejecting older Calvinist ideas about predestination

Charles Grandison Finney

Most influential revival leader of the 1820s and 1830s who was an evangelistic Presbyterian minister

Taught that each person could achieve salvation through their own efforts, rejecting traditional Calvinist ideas

Had particular success in upstate New York and focused on mobilizing women in his religious meetings

"Burned-over district"

Region along the Erie Canal in upstate New York that experienced many passionate religious revivals

Named this way because it was so prone to religious awakenings

Area was going through major economic changes due to the canal's construction

Horace Mann

First secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education (established 1837)

Made major reforms including lengthening the school year, doubling teacher salaries, and improving curriculum

Believed education was necessary to protect democracy and create an educated electorate

Emphasized the role of schools in creating social order and teaching values like discipline and respect for authority

Dorothea Dix

Social reformer who started a national movement for better treatment of the mentally ill

Worked in Massachusetts to improve conditions for mental health patients

Seneca Falls Convention

Organized in 1848 in New York to discuss women's rights

Produced the "Declaration of Sentiments" as its main document

Launched the movement for women's suffrage that would continue until 1920

Rejected the idea that men and women should have separate roles in society

"Declaration of Sentiments"

Created at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848

Modeled after the Declaration of Independence

Stated that "all men and women are created equal"

Called for women's right to vote as its most prominent demand

Rejected the notion of separate spheres for men and women

Elizabeth Blackwell

Born in England, became known as an accepted and famous physician

One of the first women to break significant social barriers in the antebellum period

American Colonization Society (ACS)

Founded in 1817 by prominent white Virginians to encourage resettling African Americans in Africa or the Caribbean

Proposed gradually freeing enslaved people with compensation to slaveholders through private and state funds

Failed because they couldn't get enough funding and transported fewer enslaved people in a decade than were born in a month

Many African Americans resisted the idea since they were generations removed from Africa

William Lloyd Garrison

Born in Massachusetts in 1805, transformed the antislavery movement

Demanded immediate, unconditional, universal abolition of slavery

Strongly criticized colonization efforts, arguing they actually strengthened slavery

Called for full citizenship rights for African Americans

Later shocked allies by attacking the government and calling the Constitution "a covenant with death"

Liberator

Weekly antislavery newspaper founded by Garrison in Boston in 1831

Used harsh, uncompromising language to promote immediate abolition

Most early subscribers were free African Americans

Sojourner Truth

Freed black woman who became a powerful abolition speaker

Spent time in a religious cult in upstate New York before becoming an activist

Frederick Douglass

Born into slavery in Maryland, escaped to Massachusetts in 1838

Became one of the most powerful orators of his time

Spent two years lecturing in England, then bought his freedom upon return

Founded antislavery newspaper North Star in Rochester, NY in 1847

Published influential autobiography in 1845

Demanded full social and economic equality for African Americans

North Star

Antislavery newspaper founded by Frederick Douglass in Rochester, NY in 1847

Elijah Lovejoy Editor of an abolitionist newspaper in Alton, Illinois

Faced repeated mob violence - his presses were destroyed three times

Killed in 1837 while defending his press when mob attacked for fourth time

Underground Railroad

System helping runaway enslaved people find refuge in the North or Canada

Not as highly organized as the name suggests

Liberty Party

Formed in 1840 based on antislavery sentiment

Chose James G. Birney as presidential candidate

Campaigned for "free soil" rather than complete abolition

"Free soil"

Position supporting keeping slavery out of territories, but not necessarily abolishing it everywhere

Some supporters cared about African Americans' welfare, others just wanted West for white Americans

Garrison criticized it as "white-manism"

Eventually gained more widespread Northern support than abolitionism

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, the most influential piece of abolitionist literature

Combined emotional sentimental novel style with antislavery message

Became a hero in the North but was hated in the South

Uncle Tom's Cabin

First published as a serial in 1851-1852, then as a book in 1852

Sold over 300,000 copies in first year

Portrayed enslaved people sympathetically and the system as cruel

Featured memorable characters like ___ and Simon Legree

Had massive impact on public opinion and inflamed sectional tensions

One of the most influential books in American history