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Oral Contraceptive Pill
A modern method of birth control that significantly changed women's reproductive health and autonomy.
Comstock Law
A law enacted in 1873 that prohibited the distribution of contraceptive devices and information, defining them as obscene.
Roe v wade
A landmark Supreme Court decision that established a woman's legal right to have an abortion, later overturned by Dobbs v. Jackson.
egypt 1850 bce
used arcadia leaves and honey and animal dung
greece 4th century
used spermicides: olive and cedar oil
pre-industrial US
douches, elixir to miscarry
condoms
used in the 17th century
goodyear
improved condom manufacturing through the vulcanization of rubber in 1839
early 1870s
contraceptives became available by mail, vendors, and pharmacies (condoms, douching materials, vaginal sponges, cervical caps, “womb veils”
lysol
used as a douche that led to poisonings of the body
massachusetts
anyone disseminating contraceptives, or information about contraceptives faced a fine and imprisonment
connecticut
the act of using birth control is prohibited, married couples could face one year in prison, locked away in many cases, but laws on the books
margaret sanger
arrested for opening the first birth control clinic in the US
1 in 111 or 380,000
between april 1917 and december 1919, this many soldiers were diagnosed with syphilis, gonorrhea, or chanchroid
50 million
by the end of WWI, it cost the US over ___ in treatment
7 million
VD was blamed for ____ lost days of active duty
therapeutic
1918- women could use birth control for these purposes
across state lines, relaxing
1936 amendment, physicians could now send contraceptives ____. paved the way for more ____ of birth control laws
margaret sanger
grew up in poverty, mother had 18 pregnancies, 7 miscarriages, died at 49 from TB and cervical cancer, 1916 founded the first birth control clinic in Brooklyn, coined the term “birth control,” Women Rebel 1914, dream of creating the pill
gender inequalities, higher efficacy, empowerment for women, sexual revolution
why do we need the pill?
sexual revolution
enter the workforce, control over motherhood, sexual freedom
gregory pincus
harvard scientist, 1934 in-vitro fertilization of rabbits, Brave New World recently published, was labeled “Dr. Frakenstein,” denied tenure
john rock
medical doctor, seen as skeptical at first by sanger, later critical advocate, believed the pill should be accepted by the church, took great risk to his career, witnesses problems in his practice, taught birth control to med students in the 1940s
katherine mccormick
graduated from MIT with a degree in biology, married stanley mccormick, heir to international harvester fortune, suffrage movement, committed to birth control with sanger, financed the pill research
no comstock laws, dense population, science seen as a good thing
why was an initial large scale study conducted in puerto rico?
progesterone, ovulation
pincus first conducted animal trials with ____ and inhibited ____
the hormones were the same as in the woman naturally
when the catholic church rejected the pill, rock argued that
The Time Has Come: A Catholic Doctor’s Proposals to End the Battle Over Birth Control
rock authors ___ after rejection
Of Human Life
the church released ___ as a response to john rock’s book
1960
fda approved the pill in
500,000
within 2 years, this many pills were prescribed
6 million
by 1965, this many women were on the pill
two-thirds and three-quarters
by 1970, ___ of all catholic women and ____ of those under 30 were using the pill and other birth control methods banned by the church
side effects
by the late 1960s, thousands of women were complaining of ____ from the pill
barbara seaman
1969 expose
no women to represent women
1970 hearings
alice wolfson
“why are 10 million women being used as guinea pigs?”
phillip ball
“they used a sledgehammer to drive a small nail”
education access and quality, health care access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, social and community context, economic stability
social determinants of health
improved birth outcomes
research indicates that family planning, including planning, delaying and spacing pregnancies, is linked to ____ for babies, either directly or through healthy maternal behaviors during pregnancy
pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality, certain reproductive cancers, menstrual related
contraception reduces _____, the risk of developing _____, and is used to treat many _____ symptoms and disorders
services to prevent, screen for and treat diseases
in addition to contraception, a range of other beneficial health services are available to clients at family planning clinics. ______ and conditions such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, HIV, HPV and cervical cancer, as well as to address intimate partner violence, benefit both female and male clients who visit these clinics
because not all women have equal access
_______ to the many benefits of contraception and other health services, there is more work to be done in implementing programs and policies that advance contraceptive access and improve health outcomes for all women
51%
percent of pregnancies that are intended in the US
29%
percent of pregnancies that are unintended (occur earlier than desired) in the US
20%
percent of pregnancies in the US that are unintended (occur after women have reached their desired family size)
70%
there are 61 million US women of reproductive age (15-44). about 43 million of them (__) are at risk of unintended pregnancy- that is, they are sexually active and do not want to become pregnant, but could become pregnant if they and their partners fail to use a contraceptive method correctly and consistently
85% chance
couples who do not use any method of contraception have approx. an ____ of experiencing a pregnancy over the course of a year
three decades
in the US, the average desired family is two children. to achieve this family size, a woman must use contraceptives for roughly ____
99% of women aged 15-44
more than _____ who have ever had sexual intercourse have used at least one contraceptive method
60% of all women of reproductive age
some _____ are currently using a contraceptive method
10%
_____ of women at risk of unintended pregnancy are not currently using any contraceptive method
low-income women, women aged 18-24, women of color
unintended pregnancy rates are highest among ____ (i.e., women with incomes less than 200% of the federal poverty level), ____, cohabiting women and _____
more than five times the rate
the rate of unintended pregnancy among women with incomes less than 100% of the poverty level was 112 per 1,000 in 2011, _____ among women with incomes of at least 200% of poverty (20 per 1,000 women)
only 5%
among US women at risk of unintended pregnancy, the 68% who use contraceptives consistently and correctly throughout the course of any given year account for ____ of all unintended pregnancies
at all or have a gap in use
in contrast, the 18% who use contraceptives inconsistently account for 41% of unintended pregnancies, and the 14% who do not use contraceptives ______ of at least one month account for 54% of unintended pregnancies
40%
percent of women who reported problems accessing or using methods
19%
percent of women who reported infrequent sex
18%
percent of women who do not care if pregnancy occurs
7%
percent of women who underestimate pregnancy risk
1584
in dr. butler’s study among 2800 college students, ___ had used a condom in the last year
45%
percent embarrassed to ask a pharmacist about condoms
27%
percent embarrassed to purchase condoms at the drug store near campus
21%
percent embarrassed to acquire condoms at the health center
17%
percent embarrassed to acquire condoms at the local health department
among 15-19 year olds
some 5.5 million women rely on the male condom. condom use is most common (i.e., at least 25% greater than the national average of 15%) _______, those who report their religious affiliation as other, those born outside of the US, college graduates, those who are uninsured and those who are nulliparous or are expecting at least one (more) child
52% to 93%
ever-use of the male condom increased from ___ in 1982 to ___ in 2006-2010
dual method
__ use offers protection against both pregnancy and STIs. some 8% of women of reproductive age simultaneously use multiple contraceptive methods (most often the condom combined with another method)
one in nine
__ sexually experienced women of reproductive age have used emergency contraception, as of 2010. the majority of these women used emergency contraception only once (59%)
20-24 year olds and never married women
emergency contraceptive use is highest among ____, of whom 23% and 19%, respectively, report having ever used emergency contraception
17% cis men, 21.5% cis women, 21.3% trans/gender non-conforming
college students who reported having vaginal intercourse within the last 12 months were asked if they or their partner used emergency contraception in the last 12 months. the results:
0.9% cis men, 1% cis women, 1.9% trans/gender non-conforming
college students who reported having vaginal intercourse within the last 12 months were asked if they experienced an unintentional pregnancy or got someone pregnant within the last 12 months. the results:
title x
health policy started by richard nixon, specifically designed to subsidize family planning and health services, grants provided to 4,500 health centers serving 5 million people, designed to help low income families including those not eligible for medicaid
327 million
congress appropriated around this amount of money for the title x family planning program
90%
nearly __ also received preventive gynecological attention, and over 50% were treated for STIs or reproductive tract infections or related conditions from title x
no
can title x funds be used for abortions?
1.94 million
in 2006, publicly funded family planning services (medicaid, title x, and state funds) helped women avoid ___ unintended pregnancies, thus preventing about 860,000 unintended births and 810,000 abortions
two-thirds, double
without publicly funded family planning services, the number of unintended pregnancies and abortions in the US would be nearly ___ higher among women overall and among teens; the number of unintended pregnancies among poor women would nearly ____
net savings to the federal and state governments of $13.6 billion
altogether, the services provided at publicly funded family planning visits in 2010 resulted in a ____. the services provided at title x-supported centers accounted for 7 billion of that total
1 dollar invested in publicly funded family planning services saved $7.09
in 2010, every _____ in medicaid expenditures that would otherwise have been needed to pay the medical costs of pregnancy, delivery, and early childhood care
scabies
a mite which causes a skin rash, very itchy, burrows its way into the skin, contagious, spreads easily among partners, families, schools, nursing homes, prisons, etc.
true
true or false: typically, you treat everyone who may have been exposed to scabies
medicated skin creams or pills
kill the mites that cause scabies
many weeks
itching from scabies may not stop for ____ after treatment
close skin-to-skin contact, sharing clothing or bedding with a person who has scabies
what can scabies be transmitted by?
impetigo
an infection on the skin’s surface that’s caused most often by staph bacteria or sometimes by strep bacteria
wash all clothes and linen, starve the mites, clean and vacuum
ways to prevent scabies
squamous cell carcinoma
this type of cervical cancer begins in the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) lining the outer part of the cervix, which projects into the vagina. most cervical cancers are this type
adenocarcinoma
this type of cervical cancer begins in the column-shaped glandular cells that line the cervical canal
4,290
about how many women will die from cervical cancer?
13,800
the american cancer society’s estimates for cervical cancer in the US for 2020 are about ____ new cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed
yes
are pre-cervical cancer conditions extremely common?
92%, 56%, 17%, 66%
5 year relative survival rates based on stage: localized ___, regional ___, distant ___, all stages combined ___
17 million
incidence of HPV
79 million
prevalence of HPV
no signs or symptoms
early-stage cervical cancer generally produces ___
many sexual partners, early sexual activity, other stis, a weakened immune system, smoking, exposure to miscarriage prevention drug, long term use of oral contraceptives
risk factors for HPV
35 and 44, 50
cervical cancer is most frequently diagnosed in women between the ages of ___ with the average age at __
pre-cancers
when the ____ are checked in the lab, they are graded on a scale of 1 to 3 based on how much of the cervical tissue looks abnormal
CIN1
also called mild dysplasia or low SIL, not much of the tissue looks abnormal, and it is considered the least serious cervical pre-cancer