apush unit 8

Truman Doctrine

Declared the goal of the US was to contain Communism

Marshall Plan

Allocated $13 billion for war-torn Europe to rebuild, stabilized the capitalist economies of Europe: West Germany, France, and Britain

Berlin Airlift

USSR wanted control Germany and keep Berlin isolated, blockading it from food and supplies until it joined East Germany; US, Britain, and France sent food and supplies through planes instead

NATO

US broke with its tradition of avoiding peacetime alliances; Formed after Berlin - US, Canada, and Western Europe joined forces to resist aggression by the USSR

Communism in China

US allied with the Nationalist side led by Jiang Jieshi; Mao Zedong and the Communist Party had a huge following among the poor, rural population and established the People's Republic of China; Truman was accused of losing China to Communism

Korean War

North Korean troops, using Soviet equipment, invaded South Korea; UN forces repelled them; divided at the 38th parallel

Eisenhower Doctrine

Egyptian President Nasser established close relations with the USSR and seized control of the British and French owned Suez Canal; Eisenhower pressured France, Great Britain, and Israel who were looking to take control of the canal against invading Egypt; Eisenhower pledged he would support any Middle Eastern country threatened by a Communist nation

Space Race

The USSR were the first to reach space with Sputnik, alarming the US because of its capability to launch nuclear weapons to any location; The US became the first to land a man on the moon

MAD

Mutually Assured Destruction; US needed to be aware that the USSR was prepared to go to war and had to prepare a massive retaliation; Leads to nuclear proliferation/arms race

Detente with China and USSR

Detente: easing of tensions; thawing of the Cold War; 1971: Nixon and USSR agreed to recognize East Germany and West Berlin, respectively; 1972: Nixon visits China

Bay of Pigs Invasion

Fidel Castro overthrew the government the US had put in Cuba; The US trained a group of Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro - they landed in the Bay of Pigs but were captured by Cuban forces.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A U-2 spy plane discovered that Cuba was preparing bases for Soviet missiles.

Kennedy's Deal with USSR

Kennedy made a deal with the USSR that they would abandon their missile program and the US would not attempt another invasion of Cuba.

Vietnam War Background

A resistance movement led by Ho Chi Minh defeated France at Dien Bien Phu to gain independence.

Vietcong

Rebel communists of the North fighting against a corrupt and dictatorial South Vietnam.

Domino Theory

When a nation is Communist, it is likely to spread to its neighbors.

US Support for South Vietnam

The US supported and sent aid to South Vietnam.

Tet Offensive

Major attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnam; thousands dead.

My Lai Massacre

A company of American troops killed everyone in a village despite finding no enemy forces.

Nixon's Vietnamization

Nixon adopted a policy of Vietnamization: replacing American troops with South Vietnamese troops.

US Withdrawal from Vietnam

The US pulled out in 1973 and Vietnam was united as a Communist nation.

Second Red Scare

Growing fear of Communist spies in American institutions.

HUAC Investigation

Fear that Hollywood might be Communist led HUAC to investigate many actors, writers, and directors.

Rosenbergs

A couple that was executed, accused of leaking information about the nuclear bomb to the USSR.

McCarthy's Prominence

Rose to prominence when he announced he had a list of 205 known Communists working in the State Department.

McCarthyism

Anti-Communist movement of the 1950s.

Fall of McCarthyism

Critics asserted that anti-Communist measures violated people's constitutional rights.

Senate Censure of McCarthy

After finding his accusations baseless, the Senate censured McCarthy.

GI Bill

Provided low interest loans for veterans to purchase homes and attend college.

Suburbia

Housing crunch created by returning veterans of WWII.

Levittown

Mass produced communities of identical houses.

Interstate Highway Act

Allowed the government to build an interstate highway system; promoted as a defensive measure.

Conformity in 1950s

Pressures to conform due to McCarthyism.

Rock 'n Roll

Extremely popular with young people in the 50s, dubbed 'race music' and dangerous by mainstream whites.

Beats Literature

Rejection of mainstream social values - suburban lifestyle, consumer society, patriotism.

Abstract Expressionism

Emphasized emotion over realism (Jackson Pollock).

Living Room War

First war that was televised to the American public.

Beatlemania

Beatles and the Rolling Stones transformed American culture, feared by conservatives.

Hippies

Rejection of materialistic conformity - encouraged urban and rural communities, mystical experiences, drug use.

Great Society

LBJ's attempt to end poverty: Medicare and Medicaid, welfare programs, and public housing.

Jim Crow

Challenged the racism that justified Jim Crow Segregation.

Rosa Parks

Refused to give up her seat for a white person → catalyst for the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

MLK

Central figure of the civil rights movement who advocated peaceful civil disobedience.

Freedom Rides

Organized buses with blacks riding next to whites to protest state segregation laws that ignored the Topeka ruling.

Birmingham Campaign

"Bull" Connor violently broke up a march in Birmingham → images of police brutality helped bring public sympathy to civil rights.

March on Washington

More than 200,000 people gathered to demonstrate; MLK's "I Have a Dream Speech.

Civil Rights Act

Passed by LBJ: equal access to public education, accommodations, and voting; banned discrimination in employment on race and gender.

Voting Rights Act

USFG could oversee voter registration; outlawed literacy tests and poll taxes.

Women's Liberation

Challenged inequities in the job market, representation of women in the media and in society.

The Feminine Mystique

Inspired by Friedan's work which challenged traditional options for women in life.

Title IX

Banned gender discrimination in all aspects of education - faculty hiring and admissions; led to major funding for female sports.

Roe v. Wade

Sexual Revolution: pill was introduced to the market; SCOTUS prohibited states from banning abortions.

Stagflation

Stagnation of wages and inflation in prices caused by the cost of the Vietnam War and oil crisis to economic downturn.

Camp David

These accords created a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel; considered a big success for Carter's administration.

Oil Crisis

OPEC cut off exports to the US and increased the price of oil, retaliating for US support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War.

Carter Doctrine

Stated that the US would repel any force attempting to gain control of the Persian Gulf region; protected US oil interests.

Energy Crisis

Oil embargo caused the US to reduce energy consumption; instated a 55mph speed limit; responded to by a truckers' strike.

Incidents at 3 Mile Island and Chernobyl

Dissuaded people from nuclear energy.

Emergence of Conservatism

Many Americans were dismayed by protests against the Vietnam War, counterculture, civil rights movement → came with the victory of Reagan.

Watergate

Nixon was caught stealing documents and wiretapping phones of his political opponents for reelection; resigned before he could be impeached.