Reichstag Fire
Hitler increased Nazi support
Dutch communist van der Lubbe was found with matches on 27th February 1933 and blamed for starting the fire and so beheaded
Hitler claimed it was proof of a Communist Revolution so arrested 4000 communist leaders
People liked his swift action and the NSDAP won 288 seats in the March 1933 elections
The Decree for the Protection of People and State (Reichstag Fire Act) was passed
Hitler passed it on 28th February, taking advantage of the fire to consolidate his power
The police had the power to search homes, arrest without trial, ban opposition meetings and it ended freedom of speech and of the press â it limited freedoms
KPD/SPD members were arrested and so the Nazis were at an advantage in the elections
Enabling Act
Ended democracy in Weimar
On 23rd March 1933, it suspended the Constitution so Hitler made laws without the Reichstag
The Reichstag only met 12 times during Hitlerâs rule & it shut down local Parliaments
The KPD were banned from voting and other parties were intimidated â 444 voted for it
Gave Hitler greater control and he was left unopposed
Hitler banned trade unions on 2nd May to avoid strikes and arrested opposition leaders
He declared Germany a 1-party state in July 1933 â no opposition, he controlled the laws
He appointed Nazi state governors to make laws in each state for him, so he had local and national powers
Night of the Long Knives
Hitler regained popularity from the Army, Hindenburg, and voters
The SA were thuggish, drunk, untrained, and unpopular â the Army didnât want the SA to join
By arresting 200 SA officers on 30th June 1934, Hitler showed he could make tough decisions
The Army were thankful they wouldnât be sullied by the SA and Hindenburg/middle-class voters were glad Hitler had removed the thugs
Hitler regained more control over the SA
Ernst Röhm disliked Hitlerâs affiliations with businessmen and Hitler thought he was going to try and usurp him as leader; he claimed Röhm was plotting against Germany
Hitler executed Röhm and weakened the SA so was at less risk of being overthrown
He completely controlled the SA and removed un-Nazi behaviour (e.g. homosexuality)
FĂŒhrer Decree
It secured Hitlerâs power
Hindenburg died on 2nd August 1934 and was the only person who could sack the Chancellor
Hitler combined Chancellor and President into FĂŒhrer and so was completely in charge
He couldnât be sacked and had eradicated the Weimar ConstitutionÂ
Hitler ensured loyalty
Soldiers in the army swore oaths to Hitler â they would obey him completely
A plebiscite gave a 90% agreement with the decree â the public mainly had confidence in him
Despite the SA intimidating voters, some still voted against the Decree showing some members of the public were discontented and disliked Hitler
Police state
The Nazis gained power over the citizens
The law became fascist: Germans could be imprisoned without trial and opponents were killed
Himmlerâs SS arrested political prisoners and ran concentration camps â and tortured many
Himmler supported racial purity: SS members had to be racially pure and heterosexual
Citizens were terrified of the Nazis
Over 200 000 people were put in camps and rumours of these caused fear
Even friends/neighbours couldnât be trusted as many reported friends to the Gestapo
Every block of flats had a leader who would report suspicious behaviour: human trust was lost
Censorship
Allowed the Nazis to censor opposing viewpoints
Goebbels led Germany in censorship by stopping foreign views reaching German citizens, e.g. stopping foreign news broadcasts being picked up on radios, such as BBC News
Book burnings happened at universities so communist/Jewish books were destroyed â the Gestapo searched bookshops for anti-Nazi books
Newspapers couldnât print anti-Nazi news and the Nazis controlled what people consumed
Citizens were encouraged to follow Aryan ideals
Jazz music was banned as it was seen as black music and unsuitable for Aryans to consume
Art was encouraged to show Nazi ideals and modern art was banned for weakening Nazism
German athletes were selected to reflect Aryan strength and to show the Aryans as superior
Propaganda
Made citizens think that Hitler was infallible
The Ministry of Propaganda gave positive Nazi stories to newspapers â Hitler was great etc.
Goebbelsâ posters were simple and effective at portraying Nazi values and Hitlerâs amazingness
There were regular Nazi parades and rallies (e.g. Hitler Youth) to stir up nationalism and loyalty
Citizens were influenced without knowing it
70% of Germans in 1939 had a (cheap) radio & Goebbels commissioned plays with Nazi values
Films and art included pro-Nazi messages â e.g. Aryan ideals and strong family values
Famous German music (e.g. Bach/Beethoven), folk songs, and marching music was played to increase nationalism
Policies towards education/ the young
Children learnt about Hitler and became Nazi fanatics
In school, children studied the Nazis (e.g. their history and racial superiority in âRace studiesâ)
Hitler Youth made children loyal to the regime and they reported undevoted parents â there were 8 million members by 1939
From a young age, they were indoctrinated on racial purity and so grew up good Nazis
Children were encouraged to be good soldiers/mothers
There were more PE lessons, helping boys become strong soldiers and girls good mothers
Girls were taught domestic science (e.g. housework and care for babies) to be ideal wives
Hitler Youth became compulsory in 1936 and they performed military drills for soldier training
Policies towards women
Women were encouraged to be good mothers and wives
In 1933, the Law for the Encouragement of Marriage gave loans to help young couples marry
The Motherâs Cross was awarded for having children (8+ for a gold), encouraging procreation
Domestic science encouraged girls to be good mothers and the Lebensborn programmes got single women to bear children for SS men
Ideals for women became more traditional
Women had more jobs in the 1920s (10% of the Reichstag was female) but this declined
Rather than dressing up (make-up, hair dye), women were encouraged to not wear make-up
Conservative values of women not smoking/drinking in public were introduced and they were unable to buy contraception
Policies towards the Churches
By working closely, they added legitimacy to Hitler
Hitler signed the Concordat with the Pope in 1933, allowing Catholics to worship freely as long as the bishops swore loyalty to the Nazi regime and Christian/Nazi values fused
This made it seem like Hitler respected Christian traditions so there was little opposition
He made a Protestant (MĂŒller) the Reichbishop in 1933; flags were displayed in Churches
Churches lost their influence to the Nazis
In 1937, Hitler cut funding for Catholics, seizing property and spying on Church organisations
Some Protestants revolted against him (e.g. the Confessional Church) â Hitler executed them
Hitler wanted to be the most respected person, not God, so (with propaganda) he displaced the Church and by 1939, only 5% of Germans said they believed in God
Racial policies
Undesirables were purged and were seen as inferior
In 1933, a Sterilisation Law was passed and 700 000 (e.g. with mental illnesses) were sterilised
The Nuremburg Laws of September 1935 meant Jews couldnât be German citizens/vote
Nazis believed that Jews/gypsies were trying to corrupt Aryans: intermarriage was banned and many were put in concentration camps. Jews had to have identity cards (second class citizens)
The public were encouraged to hate undesirables
Propaganda promoted the picture of Jews as corrupt/communist/capitalist (e.g. Der StĂŒrmer)
The Nazis encouraged boycotts of Jewish shops on 1st April 1933 but SA were seen as thugs
Kristallnacht happened on 9-10th November 1938: the SS/SA destroyed synagogues, shops, and homes, killing 100 Jews; Jewish children were banned from school
Policies towards unemployment
Unemployment figures were reduced
Unemployment fell from 4.8 million in 1933 to 0.5 million in 1938 (policies worked)
Jobs were created by women/Jews leaving â but Nazi propaganda made it seem great
Trade unions were replaced by the Labour Front (limiting strike action) â no dispute on pay/conditions and the Labour Service forced the unemployed into doing jobs
Germany was getting ready for war
Hitler wanted Germany to be self-sufficient and ready for war (defying Versailles)
The Army grew from 100 000 in 1933 to 900 000 by 1939: boosting demand for equipment
Plastic production increased by 460%, creating more jobs and making Germany self-sufficient
Unemployment regimes
The Labour Front was set up in 1933 after trade unions were banned, ensuring workers served Nazi interests. They set unemployment rights, hours, pay etc.
Strength Through Joy was part of the Labour Front to get workers to work harder (for less pay): they offered rewards like cheap theatre/museum tickets to hard workers
The Labour Service was set up in 1933 and forced unemployed workers to do government work for little pay/food.Â
From 1935, all young men served for 6 months in it (a form of military training) â they built public buildings and motorways (7000 miles of motorway by 1939)