Science Unit 2: Biology - Cell Membranes

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like fluid inside the cell that transports nutrients and waste throughout the cell

Cell Membrane

Thin layer that surrounds the cell; controls movement of materials in and out

Phospholipid Bilayer

Double layer of fat molecules with water-loving heads and water-fearing tails

Nucleus

Controls all cell activities and holds DNA.

Chromatin Thread

a form of DNA that condenses into chromosomes.

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes inside the nucleus.

Nuclear Membrane

Protects the nucleus and controls what enters and leaves it

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Network of canals that transport materials through the cell.

Smooth ER

Has no ribosomes makes lipids (fats) and sends them through the cell.

Rough ER

Covered in ribosomes; makes and transports proteins.

Ribosomes

Tiny organelles that make proteins for the cell.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, stores, and packages proteins into vesicles for transport.

Lysosomes

Contain enzymes that break down waste and old cell parts.

Endomembrane System

Group of organelles that work together to make and transport proteins. It Includes nucleus, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, and membrane

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell. Breaks down glucose to make ATP energy through cellular respiration

Cristae

Folds inside mitochondria that increase surface area 

Vacuoles

Storage sacs for food, water, or waste; plant cells have one large vacuole.

Chloroplast

Found only in plant cells; contains chlorophyll to capture sunlight for photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis

Process that uses sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make glucose and oxygen.

Cellular Respiration

Process that uses glucose and oxygen to make ATP energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

Formula for Photosynthesis

carbon dioxide + water = (light) oxygen + glucose

Formula for Cellular Respiration

oxygen + glucose = carbon dioxide + water + ATP