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Thermal expansion
The property of matter to change its volume in response to a change in temperature.
Heat transfer
The process of thermal energy moving from a warmer object to a cooler one through conduction, convection, or radiation.
Radiation
The transfer of thermal energy through electromagnetic waves without the need for a medium.
Phase change
The transition of matter from one state (solid, liquid, gas) to another due to changes in temperature or pressure.
Thermal equilibrium
The state in which two objects in thermal contact reach the same temperature and no heat flows between them.
Specific heat capacity
The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.
Latent heat
The heat energy absorbed or released by a substance during a phase change without a change in temperature.
Thermal conductivity
A measure of a material's ability to conduct heat.
Insulation
The material or method used to reduce the rate of heat transfer.
Heat capacity
The amount of heat energy needed to increase the temperature of an object by a certain amount.