AP World History Unit 5 Study Guide: Enlightenment & Revolutions

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism.

Natural Rights

Rights inherent to all individuals, such as life and liberty.

Social Contract

An enlightenment concept in which people give consent to be governed in exchange for protection from a ruler, but some believe that if that protection is not being upheld then the people have the right to get rid of that government

Popular Sovereignty

the idea that government authority is gained from the consent of the governed.

Separation of Powers

Division of government responsibilities into distinct branches.

Printing Press

Technology that facilitated the spread of Enlightenment ideas.

Renaissance

Cultural revival that influenced Enlightenment thought.

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement challenging Catholic Church authority.

Scientific Revolution

Period of advancements in scientific thought and inquiry.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Document asserting equality and rights of citizens in France.

French Revolution

Revolution that overthrew the monarchy and established a republic.

Three Estates

Social hierarchy in France: clergy, nobility, everyone else.

National Assembly

Assembly formed by the Third Estate during the French Revolution.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French leader who ended feudalism and promoted reforms.

Haitian Revolution

Successful slave revolt leading to Haiti's independence.

Saint Domingue

Rich French colony, now known as Haiti.

Industrial Revolution

Period of rapid industrial growth and technological innovation.

Textile Industry

Sector focused on the production of fabric and clothing.

Cottage Industry

Home-based production system prior to factory system.

Spinning Jenny

Invention that revolutionized yarn production in textile industry.

Factory System

Consolidation of production in large-scale manufacturing facilities.

Second Industrial Revolution

Period focusing on chemicals, steel, and electronics.

Interchangeable Parts

Standardized parts for easy assembly and repair.

Division of Labor

Specialization of tasks to increase efficiency.

Moving Assembly Lines

Production method that streamlines manufacturing processes.

Access to Waterways

Facilitated trade and transportation of goods.

Iron Production

Enabled construction of larger infrastructure and vehicles.

Excess Capital

Surplus money available for business investments.

Urbanization

Population shift from rural to urban areas.

Coal Revolution

Shift to coal as primary energy source.

Steam Engine

Machine converting steam power into mechanical work.

Outputs of Industrial Revolution

Steel, oil, electricity, and communication technologies.

Laissez-Faire Policy

Minimal government intervention in economic activities.

Transnational Institutions

Global organizations supporting trade and commerce.

Stocks and Corporations

Business structures allowing shared ownership and reduced risk.

Monopolies

Single entities dominating a market or industry.

Consumerist Culture

Societal focus on consumption and material goods.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and competition.

Bourgeoisie

New middle class emphasizing hard work and morality.

Proletariat

Working class laboring in harsh conditions.

Child Labor

Employment of children in factories for family income.

Social Protest

Working class movements advocating for rights and reforms.

Socialism

Political ideology challenging capitalism and promoting equality.

Karl Marx

Philosopher who critiqued industrial capitalism's sustainability.

Classless Society

Society without class distinctions, envisioned by Marx.

Socialism

Economic system with communal ownership of production.

Cult of Domesticity

Value system emphasizing women's roles as homemakers.

Labor Protests

Workers' demonstrations against poor working conditions.

Mass Production Techniques

Methods like assembly lines for efficient manufacturing.

Interchangeable Parts

Standardized parts that simplify manufacturing processes.

Progressives

Reformers advocating for economic and social improvements.

Populists

Movement opposing corporate influence in politics.

Social Impacts of Industrialization

Changes in society due to industrial growth and inequality.

Serfdom

Feudal system where peasants were bound to land.

Russification

Policy promoting Russian culture and suppressing minorities.

Bloody Sunday

Protest where troops shot demonstrators, igniting revolution.

Economic Growth

Increase in production and consumption leading to prosperity.

Working Class Women

Women who worked for wages due to poverty.

Middle Class Aspirations

Desires for status that diluted radical movements.

Railroad Expansion

Infrastructure development for trade and industrial growth.

Censorship

Suppression of information to control public opinion.

Labor Unions

Organizations formed to protect workers' rights.

Famine in Russia

Food shortages leading to social unrest and protests.

Russo-Japanese War

Conflict exposing Russia's military weaknesses and prompting reform.

Social Solidarity Challenges

Difficulties in uniting diverse worker groups for common goals.