population health: exam 2

what is ethics?

principles about what "ought" and "should" be done in practice

what is bioethics?

the systematic study of ethical issues in health care using normative and empirical methods

what are the "oughts" and "shoulds" of practice?

ethical expectations for professional behavior

what are examples of situations requiring ethics and bioethics in public health?

covid 19, zika virus, and clean drinking water decisions

what is nightingale's commitment in ethics history?

the early nursing commitment to moral duty and ethical care

why is nursing curricula important in ethics history?

ethics became part of nursing education

why was the code of ethics developed?

to guide nurses' professional ethical obligations

what are centers for nursing and health care ethics?

organizations that support ethics education and ethical practice

what is an ethical issue?

a moral challenge in health care practice

what is an ethical dilemma?

a puzzling moral problem in which both action and inaction have morally justified reasons

what is morality?

beliefs about right and wrong behavior

what are values?

personal or professional beliefs that influence decisions

what is a code of ethics?

a formal statement of ethical duties and standards

what is advocacy?

supporting and speaking up for the health needs and rights of others

what is utilitarianism?

the ethical theory that supports the greatest good for the greatest number of people

what is deontology?

the ethical theory based on duty and moral rules

what is principlism?

ethical decision making based on core bioethical principles

why are ethical issues common in public health nursing?

public health nurses balance individual needs with community welfare

what makes an ethical dilemma difficult?

both choices may have morally valid reasons

why does ethical decision making require independent thinking?

it goes beyond blindly following rules or authority

what is moral responsibility?

accountability for making ethical choices

what two factors especially affect ethical decision making?

growing multiculturalism and moral distress

how does multiculturalism affect ethical decisions?

it introduces different beliefs and standards that may conflict

how does moral distress affect ethical decisions?

it can make it hard to act according to one's values

what is the first step in the ethical decision-making framework?

identify ethical issues and dilemmas

what is the second step in the ethical decision-making framework?

find meaningful context

what is the third step in the ethical decision-making framework?

obtain all relevant facts

what is the fourth step in the ethical decision-making framework?

reformulate the issue if needed

what is the fifth step in the ethical decision-making framework?

consider appropriate options

what is the sixth step in the ethical decision-making framework?

decide and act

what is the final step in the ethical decision-making framework?

evaluate the decision and action

when should a nurse reflect carefully about cultural and ethical issues?

when working with diverse populations

what is the first reflection question when working with diverse populations?

is someone at direct risk of harm

what is the second reflection question when working with diverse populations?

do ethnic cultural standards conflict with professional standards

what is the third reflection question when working with diverse populations?

are the greater community's values jeopardized

what is the fourth reflection question when working with diverse populations?

are customs only annoying but not harmful to the greater community

what is moral agency?

being able and willing to take purposeful ethical action

what is moral distress?

when individuals, often healthcare professionals, identify the ethically correct action to take but are constrained from pursuing it by institutional, legal, or other barriers

what is moral resilience?

the process of shifting the negative effects of moral distress into positive energy and action

what is consequentialism?

judging actions by their outcomes

how are utilitarianism and deontology related?

they are presented as guides to ethical decision making, with utilitarianism linked to consequences and deontology linked to duty

what are the principles of bioethics?

autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and distributive justice

what is autonomy?

respect for a person's right to make decisions

what is nonmaleficence?

the duty to do no harm

what is beneficence?

the duty to promote good

what is distributive justice?

fair distribution of benefits, burdens, and resources

what are the three primary theories of distributive justice?

egalitarian, libertarian, and liberal democratic theory

what is egalitarianism?

the belief that people should be treated equally and have fair access to resources

what is libertarianism?

the belief that personal freedom and individual choice should be prioritized

what is liberal democratic theory?

a theory that balances individual rights with fairness through social and political structures

what is communitarianism?

an ethical view that emphasizes the good of the community

what is respect for autonomy?

honoring an individual's right to choose

what question does virtue ethics ask?

what kind of person should i be

what is the goal of virtue ethics?

to enable people to flourish as human beings

what did aristotle say about virtue?

acting in accordance with our natural good

what is the ethic of care?

an ethical approach that emphasizes caring relationships and responsibility to others

why did caring in nursing become emphasized?

to distinguish nursing practice from medical practice

what is feminist ethics?

an ethical theory that values women's experiences and rejects oppression and devaluing of women

what do feminists advocate for?

equal economic, social, and political rights for women and men

what does feminist ethics say about oppression of women?

it is morally wrong

what are the three core functions discussed in relation to ethics?

assessment, policy development, and assurance

what is the first ethical tenet of assessment?

competency in knowledge development, analysis, and dissemination

what question should be asked about competency in assessment?

are the persons collecting community data adequately prepared

what is the second ethical tenet of assessment?

virtue ethics or moral character

what question should be asked about moral character in assessment?

do the persons collecting and sharing knowledge have integrity

what is the third ethical tenet of assessment?

do no harm

what does do no harm mean in assessment?

information about groups should be disseminated only when morally necessary and appropriate

what is the first ethical tenet of policy development?

achieve the public good

what is the second ethical tenet of policy development?

policy should be rooted in citizenship

what is the third ethical tenet of policy development?

service to others over self

what does serve rather than steer mean in policy development?

public health should serve citizens instead of controlling them like customers

what should be valued above entrepreneurship in ethical policy development?

citizenship and public service

what statement summarizes ethics in policy development?

what is ethical is also good policy

what is the first ethical tenet of assurance?

all persons should receive essential personal health services

what is the second ethical tenet of assurance?

public health providers should be competent and available

what does healthy people 2030 emphasize for public health workers?

they should have knowledge and additional competencies to fulfill job responsibilities

hat is the purpose of the code of ethics for nurses?

to state the ethical obligations and duties of every nurse

what kind of ethical standard is the nursing code of ethics?

the profession's nonnegotiable ethical standard

what does the public health code of ethics assert?

the collective and societal nature of public health to keep people healthy

what are the four sections of the public health code of ethics?

introduction, foundational values and beliefs, guidance for ethical analysis, and 12 domains of ethical public health practice

what do the foundational values and beliefs focus on?

health, community, and action

what is the biggest barrier to achieving social justice?

market justice

what is social justice?

the idea that people should have fair and equitable access to resources and opportunities

what is market justice?

the idea that resources and services are distributed mainly by individual effort and market forces

how does market justice affect public health dialogue?

it shifts attention away from social justice and public health needs

what school of thought has the greatest influence on current debates about public health?

market justice

what role can nurses have in health care reform?

they can advocate for consistent, effective, efficient health care for all

hat did the 2010 health care bill provide?

an opportunity for nurses to advocate for health care for all through ethics and social justice

what are the four key elements of ethical use of social media?

promote client dignity, seek client's best interests, avoid inappropriate involvement, and refrain from personal gain at the client's expense

what does promote client dignity mean on social media?

protect the client's respect and privacy

what does seek client's best interests mean on social media?

act in ways that benefit the client rather than the nurse

what does avoid inappropriate involvement mean on social media?

maintain professional boundaries

what does refrain from personal gain at the client's expense mean?

never use a client relationship for personal benefit

why should nurses follow ethical standards?

to avoid criminal or administrative penalties

why else should nurses follow ethical standards?

to protect the reputation of the agency

why else should nurses follow ethical standards personally?

to protect personal and professional reputation

what is important to realize about ethical behavior and unethical behavior?

ethical behavior is seldom rewarded, but unethical behavior is rarely ignored

what is the goal of an ethical judgment in a community situation?

hoose the action that does the most good for the most people

what is ethics really about?

making a choice

what tension exists in ethical decisions?

fast action versus careful consideration