FBS 1 - Stuff to know thats not on exam

Define Thermodynamics

how the conversion and utilization of energy is related to chemical and physical processes

what are the 2 categories of energy?

potential and kinetic

what are examples of potential energy?

energy stored in chemical bonds; concentration gradients of molecules b/w cellular compartments; electrical potentials

what does kinetic energy manifest as?

heat (thermal energy) arising from molecular and atomic motion

What does the first law of thermo state?

conservation of energy, energy is only converted b/w forms, total energy of the universe remains constant

Define Free Energy

amount of energy freely available to do work at constant temperature and pressure

Energy conservation is characterized in terms of free energy, which in turn is comprised of contributions from what?

enthalpy and entropy

What sign does delta G have during a spontaneous process?

negative

For a spontaneous process, the free energy of the final state is [greater/lower] than free energy of initial state

lower

When delta G is negative, is the reaction exergonic or endergonic?

exergonic

When delta G is positive, enzymes may facilitate a reaction by changing what?

activation energy

Do enzymes change delta G?

NO

When a process is at equilibrium, indiviual molecules continue to interconvert but concentration [does/doesn’t] change

doesn’t

Free energy is a “______ function”

state

Why is glucose so crucial to energy production?

the conversion process produces a large amount of potential energy that is used to drive other reactions

Why are couple reactions useful/crucial?

allows for unfavorable reactions to add together to be a more favorable, energetic reaction

What is enthalpy (H)?

internal energy of the system

At constant temp and pressure, change in ______ is equal to heat absorbed or released

enthalpy

What is an endothermic reactoin?

process that absorbs heat energy (delta H is positive)

What is an exothermic reaction?

process that releases heat energy (delta H is negative)

Changes in enthalpy are typically associated with what?

formation or breaking of chemical bonds

During the break down of ATP, what phosphates have been lost in the phosphodiester bond?

second and third phosphates

During the break down of ATP, the hydrogen bonds between what have been gained? However, this makes them weaker than what bond that was lost?

phosphate and water; covalent oxygen-phosphorous

During the break down of ATP, enthalpy has a net [decrease/increase]

decrease

What is the second law of thermo?

Entropy of a system and its surroundings will spontaneously increase to a maximum

why does the second law of thermo work for organisms?

because they are open systems

Is delta S is more negative, that is it more [ordered/disordered]

ordered

As degeneracy (W) of a system increases, does entropy increase or decrease?

increase

If delta H is negative and delta S is positive, then delta G is [positive/negative] making it [spontaneous/not spontaneous]

negative; spontaneous

If delta H is positive and delta S is negative, then delta G is [positive/negative] making it [spontaneous/not spontaneous]

positive; not spontaneous

what does it mean for a reaction to be entropy driven?

If delta S is sufficiently positive (or the temp is high enough) so that the -TΔS is sufficiently negative to overcome a positive delta H

what does it mean for a reaction to be enthalpy driven?

If delta H is sufficiently negative to overcome the positive value of -TΔS then the overall delta G will be negative

what is the delta G for diffusion of a solute from one compartment to another?

0

Do pumps require energy released by ATP hydrolysis?

yes

What are the types of transport proteins?

Pumps, Channels, Uniporters, Cotransporters

Define uniporters

transport single type of molecule down its concentration gradient

Define cotransport proteins

consist of symporters and antiporters, catalyze the movement of one molecule against its concentration gradient, driven by movement of 1+ ion down an electrochemical gradient