World History Final

slayed

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Institutional racism?

Polices or practices in institutions that favor certain racial groups or put racial groups at a disadvantage

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Microagression?

An everyday slight, putdown, indignity, or invalidation intentionally or unintentionally directed toward people of a marginalized group

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Dehumanization?

Dehumanization is the act or process of reducing people to objects that do not deserve the treatment accorded humans

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Colorblindness?

The idea that ignoring or overlooking racial and ethnic differences promotes racial harmony

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Multiculturalism?

The view that various cultures in a society merit equal respect and scholarly interest

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Racism?

Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Sexism?

Prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex, as well as conditions that foster stereotypes of gender roles

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Discrimination?

The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Feminism?

The advocacy of women's rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Stereotype?

Stereotypes are characteristics ascribed to groups of people involving gender, race, national origin and other factors. These characteristics tend to be oversimplifications of the groups involved

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Classism?

Differential treatment based on social class or perceived social class

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Wealth Inequality?

The unequal distortion of assests within a population

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Socioeconomic class?

The social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of education, income, and occupation

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Privilege?

Historical and contemporary advantages in access to quality education, decent jobs and livable wages, homeownership, retirement benefits, wealth, and so on

Diversity Unit: (Diversity Vocabulary)
What is Anti-Racism?

Actively fighting racism and its effects

Diversity Unit: (Wealth Inequality) How much wealth does 1% of America have?

40% of the nation's wealth.

Diversity Unit: (Wealth Inequality) How much wealth does the bottom 80% of America have?

7% of the nation's wealth.

Diversity Unit: (Wealth Inequality)
How much national income does the 1% make?

24%

Diversity Unit: (Wealth Inequality)
What is the median income for a family of 4 in the U.S?

$61,937

Diversity Unit: (Wealth Inequality)
What is the average yearly income of the top 10%?

$162,000

Diversity Unit: (Wealth Inequality)
Average yearly income of the bottom 10%?

$14,000

Diversity Unit: (Gender Bias & Stereotypes)
How is gender bias shown in America?

-The United States Congress is male-dominated
-Labor jobs are male-dominated
-Fatal work injuries in labor jobs (92% men, 8% women)
-Hours worked in labor jobs (57% men, 43% women)
-Only 4.6% of CEO's in 500 companies are women
-Women have less influence in businesses and the U.S Congress
-Men report twice as much as women do on broadcast channels
-Women are paid less than men (All men $1, all women $0.82)
-In the same jobs, women, and men receive different pay

Diversity Unit: (Institutional Racism) What is the Lifetime Likelihood of imprisonment of all men?

1 in 9

Diversity Unit: (Institutional Racism) What is the Lifetime Likelihood of imprisonment of white men?

1 in 17

Diversity Unit: (Institutional Racism) What is the Lifetime Likelihood of imprisonment of Black men?

1 in 3

Diversity Unit: (Institutional Racism) What is the Lifetime Likelihood of imprisonment of Latina men?

1 in 6

Diversity Unit: (Institutional Racism) What is the Lifetime Likelihood of imprisonment of All Women

1 in 56

Diversity Unit: (Institutional Racism) What is the Lifetime Likelihood of imprisonment of White Women

1 in 111

Diversity Unit: (Institutional Racism) What is the Lifetime Likelihood of imprisonment of Black Women

1 in 18

Diversity Unit: (Institutional Racism) What is the Lifetime Likelihood of imprisonment of Latina Women

1 in 44

Diversity Unit: (Institutional Racism)
Examples of Instituional racism

-Black people stay 20% longer in prison than white people
-Black people are twice more likely to receive a death penalty for killing a white person than a white person killing a black person
-Median net worth of white families is $265,000 and $28,500 for black people
-Black people break traffic laws at the same rate as white people but they make up 40% of stops and 73% of arrests
-Black people are pulled over more frequently

Types of Government:
What are the different types of governments?

Democracy, Autocracy, Aristocracy, Totalitarian (Dictator)

Types of Government:
What are the characteristics of a Democracy?

Rule by the people
-People are in charge of making laws and governing the country
-Simple majority
Example: Switzerland

Types of Government:
What are the characteristics of an Autocracy?

System of government by one person with absolute power
-No constraints on the person in power
-Monarchy - rule of one, hereditary
Example: Louis XIV

Types of Government:
What are the characteristics of an Aristocracy?

'Rule of the best'
-Power is in the hands of a small, privileged, ruling class
-Oligarchy: Rule of the few, usually wealthy, land-owning, or influential members of society
Example: Sparta

Types of Government:
What are the characteristics of a Totalitarian (Dictator) ?

System of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to state
Example: Hitler's Germany

Map Projections:
What is bias?

Favoring one side over another

Map Projections:

What are examples of bias

Orbis Terrare (historical world map from the 1580s): wonky and lopsided map \n (Examples: inaccurate sizes, distances, equator line, organized and easier to read maps)

Map Projections:

What is the bias in the Goode Projection?

Weird shape of world map London Tube (Subway) Map for riders: map is easier to look at because its organized but its still biased

Map Projections:

What is the bias in the Peters Projection?

Distances are all wrong

Map Projections: What is bias in Mercator’s Map?

Greenland and South America appear nearly the same size, but South America is actually 8 times bigger. Antarctica is barely present in the globe. Location of equator is not in the middle but 2/3s.

Map Projections:
What are the advantages of globes?

-Accurate, represents true land shape, distances, and directions

Map Projections:
What are the disadvantages of globes?

-Details cannot be seen on a globe (roads, cities, etc)
-Not easy to carry/portable

Map Projections:
What are the advantages of maps?

-Can show small details
-Easily folded/carried

Map Projections:
What are the disadvantages of maps?

-Inaccurate size, shape, and relative location
-Distorted

Map Projections:
What are map projections?

A way to represent the curved surface of the Earth on the flat surface of a map

Early Humans:
Where did early humans originate?

Eastern Africa

Early Humans:
How did early humans communicate?

Creating artwork, musical instruments, mourning the dead through funerals

Early Humans:
How did early humans live?

They were nomadic

Early Humans:
Where did early humans migrate?

Asia between 100,000-60,000 years ago
South Pacfic (Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Australia) 60,000-45,000 years ago
Europe 40,000 years ago
North & South America 15,000 years ago

Early Humans:
Why did physical differences originate?

-Lived in a range of different physical environments and adapted to them (cold environments: short, stocky people) (Hot and sunny environments: darker skin to protect against overexposure to the sun)
-Cultural selection

Jared Diamond:
What is his theory on geographic luck?

Some areas of the world are geographically blessed, which gave these areas a head start on advanced civilizations and they developed more rapidly and were able to expand and conquer

Jared Diamond:
What is the Guns, Germs, and Steel Theory?

the idea of different countries advancing faster than others due to "geographic luck"

Jared Diamond:
What are the 3 major elements that separate the world's 'haves' from the 'have nots'

Guns, germs, and, steel

Guns, Germs, & Steel - Ep 1:
Why did Papua New Guinea never advance?

- their crops took longer to harvest, were less rich in protein, and were more perishable
- they also did not have beasts of burden, (animals) which caused them to not be able to increase the production of their land

Guns, Germs, & Steel - Ep 1:
What is the positive feedback loop of early civilizations?

New technologies developed -\> Villages grew bigger -\> There were more people to work on the land -\> More people could produce food more efficiently -\> Specialists/new skills

Guns, Germs, & Steel - Ep 1:
What are different geographic advantages

-Fertile crescent
-Cattle
-Rivers
-Wheat
-Goat
-Rice
-Sheep
-Horse
-Millet
-Corn

Agricultural Revolution:
What is a surplus?

Quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded

Agricultural Revolution:
How does surplus impact growth of a civilization?

The population of civilizations begins to grow rapidly (and then a positive feedback loop)

Agricultural Revolution:
What is specialization?

The development of skills in a specific kind of work

Agricultural Revolution:
How does specialization impact a civilzation?

It allowed for people to develop and contribute important skills to help maintain their civilization (and then a positive feedback loop)

Early Civilizations Ch. 1 Section 3:
What are the 7 traits of early civilization?

1. Organized governments
2. Complex religions
3. Job specialization
4. Social classes
5. Arts and architecture
6. Public works
7. Writing

Geographic impacts on early civilization:
How did location (size) impact early civilizations?*

-Could limit where people could settle and build cities
-Limit the size of a civilization

Geographic impacts on early civilization:
How did food (what is available) impact early civilizations?*

-More abundant food supplies could support denser populations
-Agriculture
-Food surplus
-Allowed advancements

Geographic impacts on early civilization:
How did trade (communication, movability) impact early civilizations?*

-Increased contact \= spread of cultures ideas and things \= more advancements

Geographic impacts on early civilization:
How did government (systems of government develop differently based on geographic features) impact early civilizations?*

-Nile River was very fertile so Egypt advanced fast
-Greece had mountains that divided the government into Polis (small city-states)
-Valleys/flat lands allowed easier communication through the land and allowed for one government

Geographic impacts on early civilization:
How does geography impact these factors of civilization?*

-Fertile lands \= more food \= bigger population
-Seas allowed for easy communications
-Advancements of civilization depended on geography

Geographic impacts on early civilization:
Why features would limit a civilization?*

-Flooding and dry seasons limited expansion
-Mountains divided the land
-Living near rivers (Tigris and Eurphrates) always flooded
-Natural resources and their limitations of them

Geographic impacts on early civilization:
Which features would benefit a civilization?

-Fertile land
-Valleys
-Good food sources
-Access to water

Origin Stories:
What were the main events in the Egyptian origin story?

-Nu (name of darking swirling chaos)
-Atum rose out of these waters by sheer force
-Atum joined with shadow to produce son and daughter
-Atumn (god of air) Tefnut (goddess of mist and moisture)
-Gods made principles of life (Maat)
-Nut produced rain for Geb and Geb made things grow on earth
-Shut and Tefnut produced other gods (like Gen the earth and Nut the sky)
-Chaos was still vast and not fully separated into order of Maat
-Atum's children were lost and when they returned, Atum cried and his tears became the first men
-Men's job was to tend earth and worship gods

Origin Stories:
Common features of origin stories

-Explains the world
-Often a higher power or force that is involved with creating the world
-Explained things as to why there are seasons, water, sky, earth
-The idea of how the world came to be (and usually humans)

5 major world religions:
What are the 5 major world religions?

Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, Christianity, Muslim

5 major world religions:
What are the specific beliefs of each religion?

Hinduism: Samsara (continious life cycle w/ reincarnation) and karma (the universal law of cause and effect)
Judaism: Only one god and belief in Torah
Buddhism: Human life is one of suffering and meditation, spiritual and physical labor, and good behavior are ways to achieve enlightenment
Christianity: Only one god and he created the heavens, the earth and the universe
Muslim: God and his prophet and obligations of prayer, charity, pilgrimage and fasting

5 major world religions:
How many followers are in each religion?

Hinduism: 1 billion
Judaism: 14 million
Buddhism: 1 billion
Christianity: 2 billion
Muslim: 1.9 billion

5 major world religions:
What is each religions holy book?

Hinduism: the Vedas
Judaism: Hebrew Bible or Torah
Buddhism: the Tripitaka
Christianity: the Bible
Muslim: Koran

5 major world religions:
Which religions are monotheistic and which are polytheistic?

Hinduism: Polytheistic
Judaism: Monotheistic
Buddhism: Polytheistic
Christianity: Monotheistic
Muslim: Monotheistic

5 major world religions:
What are the ceremonies or customs of each religion?*

Hinduism: Vivaha/Marriage
Judaism: Shabbat, Hanukkah, Sukkot
Buddhism:
Christianity:
Muslim:

5 major world religions:
Who/what is the founder of each religion?

Hinduism: No founder, fusion of various beliefs
Judaism: Abraham
Buddhism: Siddhartha Gautama
Christianity: Jesus Christ
Muslim: Prophet Muhammad

Silk Road:
What were significant commodities traded?

-Silk (duh)
-Spices
-Tea
-Ivory
-Cotton
-Wool
-IDEAS

Silk Road:
Where did the silk road go?

Mediterranean Sea and East Asia
-Land and water routes

Silk Road:
What is the effect of the Silk Road on the world?

-Allowed communication and the spread of ideas and culture throughout Europe and Asia
-Allowed more advancements
-Spread of the Black Death
-Dissemination of religions

Silk Road:
Why were the Middlemen significant?

They were considered the greatest of middlemen and they benefited the most from the Silk Road from the increased price of spices

The Mongols:
Who are the Mongols?

Known for their extreme brutality while conquering most of Asia, creating the largest empire on land to ever exist.

The Mongols:
What were some of the Mongols military tactics?

-Horses
-Mongol Bow
-Army divided into decimals of 10
-Deception

The Mongols:
What is Pax Mongolica?

The Pax Mongolica is a period of relative stability in Eurasia under the Mongol Empire during the 13th and 14th centuries. The Pax Mongolica brought a period of stability among the people who lived in the conquered territory

The Mongols:
What are some pros of the Mongols?

-Technologies, artistic traditions, and cultural traditions spread rapidly during Pax Mongolica
-Pax Mongolica which brought a tolerant society, effective government, and eased trading
-Religious tolerance
-Safer trading
-Postal system developed
-Built road and introduced paper money
-Mongols protected those under their authority
-Increased status of merchants and artists

The Mongols:
How many living descendants?

16 million

The Mongols:
Who are the well-known leaders of the Mongol empire?

Genghis Khan, Chinggis Khan, Mongke Khan

The Black Death:
How many people died from the Black Death?

25 million people, 1/3 of Europe's population

The Black Death:
What are the symptoms of the disease?

-Buboes (pus filled swelling near the armpits or groin)
-Fever
-Fatigue

The Black Death:
How was the disease spread?

-Flea-ridden rats on boats that travelled
-Moved with armies
-Silk Road

The Black Death:
What were the effects of the disease on Europe?

-Crops on fields rotted
-Buildings and roads fell to ruins
-Higher wages
-Peasent revolts
-Shortages
-Many dead people (also dead jews)
-Trade decay

The Black Death:
What were the effects of the Black Death on Church?

Faith began to decrease and branches of Christianity began to take hold

The Renaissance:
What was the difference in the Church between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?

-Demands of society shifted during the Renaissance
-The Catholic Church struggled to remain in control during the Renaissance because:
-New Kings realized they did not need the support of the church to remain in power
-The prestige of the Church was hurt
-Church had a difficult time adjusting to this new way of thinking

The Renaissance:
What was the difference in Education between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?

Medieval:
-People had limited understanding of the Church and many could not read or write
-Average person learned about Christian faith through art
-Monks played a crucial role in medieval intellectual and social life(schools, hospitals, food, guest houses)
Renaissance:
-Humanists opened up schools and many people became educated
-Humanists broke tradition of writing in Latin(which many people did not understand) and wrote in languages more commonly used

The Renaissance:
What was the difference in the Government between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?

Medieval:
-European Nobles assumed many of the powers usually are held by the government
-Feudal system
Renaissance:
-City-states felt it necessary to turn over all political authority to a single powerful leader

The Renaissance:
What are the major revolutions in Renaissance Art?

-Realistic
-3d perspective-
More about daily lives rather than religion (More in Northern Europe than Florence Italy)

The Renaissance:
What are the well-known Renaissance Artists?

Italian:
Donatella
Raphael
Michelangeo
Leonardo Da Vinci
Northern:
Jan Van Eyck

The Renaissance:
What were the differences between Medieval and Renaissance art?

Medieval:
-Focused on Christianity and superstitions (from fear)
-Flat and unrealistic
Renaissance:
-Explored more topics (beauty, nature of the human being)
-Realistic and proper proportions

The Renaissance:
What are the Differences in Italian Art and Northern Art?

Italian:
commissioned by wealthy
focused on religious and mythology
Northern:
More realism
Focused on daily life
Different color pallet (darker, warmer)